货币需求、金融资产膨胀与流动性过剩

通过对货币需求理论的梳理发现,实体经济中货币流通速度会发生变化,同时存在金融体系对实体经济的货币抽取效应,这两种机制解释了用交易方程计算的流动性过剩状况。结合我国经济运行的实际情况,加入代表经济资本化和货币化的变量M′和M″,对货币需求方程进行修正,说明流动性过剩可能是经济发展中的一种常态。     

货币需求弹性、有效货币供给与货币市场非均衡模型——解析"中国之谜"与长期流动性过剩

Chinese excessive liquidity problems are more serious than other main countries. The upgrading industrial structure and the increasing opening degree lead to the excessive money demand and higher money demand elasticity. Bad credits weaken money supply effectiveness and lead to illusive increasing money. We set up the money market disequilibrium model under the condition of the excessive liquidity. The imbalance between money demand and money supply is the key of Chinese excessive liquidity problems. __________ Translated from Jingji lilun yu jingji guanli 经济理论与经济管理(Economic Theory and Business Management), 2007, (11): 38–44     

货币需求弹性、有效货币供给与货币市场非均衡模型——解析“中国之谜”与长期流动性过剩

中国的流动性过剩相对于其他经济发达国家更为严重,不但是由于产业结构升级和对外开放度上升而导致的过度货币需求,而且是因为不良贷款引发的货币供给有效性减弱。缓解流动性过剩必须从经济转型时期的货币需求弹性、有效货币供给以及货币市场非均衡等多个方面寻找对策。     

基于“事前”货币需求视角的流动性过剩分析

该文从"事前"货币需求角度,将流动性过剩定义为货币供给大于"事前"货币需求,两者的缺口定义为超额流动性。该定义权衡了货币供给和需求双方的交互性,从社会整体角度去度量流动性,克服了传统度量指标的不足。从实证结果看,超额流动性指标对我国流动过剩拟合程度良好,流动性过剩是引起通胀的显著原因,对通胀解释力度较强,半对数弹性为0.91。笔者从"事前"货币需求角度,提出建立恰当的流动性指标、增强央行货币政策的独立性、增加"事前"货币需求、丰富应对流动性过剩的"数量型"货币工具等治理我国流动性过剩的相关建议。     

分析货币流动性、银行系统流动性和股市流动性的关系

金融市场的核心要素就是流动性,包括货币流动性、市场流动性、银行系统流动性和股市流动性等。本文首先概括了流动性的基本概念,然后从我国当前的经济局势出发,分别分析了货币流动性对银行系统流动性和股票市场流动性产生的巨大影响,并对如何克服这些影响提出了政策建议。     

货币流动性过剩与资产价格关系初探

流动性过剩程度与资产价格之间并非始终保持同向变动.与货币价值储藏功能相联系的缓冲存量货币需求会受到宏观经济不确定预期的影响,并进一步影响到货币形态与资产形态之间的转化,进而影响我国当前从紧货币政策的最终效果.     

流动性约束、不确定性与中国居民消费

本文运用中国 1 96 1— 1 998年间数据 ,通过测试罗伯特·霍尔 (RobertHall)的消费函数及其扩展模型 ,分析了流动性约束与不确定性在中国居民消费行为演变中所起的作用。实证研究表明 ,随着中国经济改革的不断深入 ,中国居民消费行为在 2 0世纪80年代早期发生了结构性转变。流动性约束型消费者所占比重的上升以及不确定性的增大 ,造成了中国目前的低消费增长和内需不足。此外 ,我们还发现 ,流动性约束和不确定性之间的相互作用进一步强化了两者对居民消费的影响 ,导致了居民消费水平和消费增长率的同时下降。     

消费者流动性约束差异与货币政策区域效应研究

本文从消费者流动性约束差异的角度研究货币政策区域效应的产生。首先分析流动性约束对消费者消费支出的影响,其次理论分析并实证检验了货币政策通过消费信贷可得性和消费信贷成本两种途经导致各地区消费者具有不同的流动性约束,并采用省际面板数据模型证明流动性约束差异导致货币政策区域效应的形成。最后提出目前应通过增加中西部地区消费者消费信贷额度,把货币政策工具重点放在商业银行存款准备金率以缩小各地区消费者流动性约束差异来缓解货币政策区域效应。     

试论流动性约束、短视行为与我国消费需求疲软的关系

本文分析了国外现代宏观消费理论对于研究我国消费需求的局限性 ,并从我国国情出发建立了一个“短视消费模型” ,讨论了边际消费倾向与短期储蓄目标的关系 ,从而论证了造成我国目前消费疲软的根本原因是短视行为与流动性约束太强 ,最后解释了我国居民边际消费倾向降低以及农村居民边际消费倾向偏低的原因。     

流动性约束与货币政策的资产价格效应

本文在新凯恩斯主义分析框架下,基于一个动态随机模型探讨了代理人消费流动性约束下的货币政策的资产价格效应,得到下列结论：资产价格波动通过财富效应影响代理人的消费。以利率为操作目标的最优货币政策应对股价、房价等资产价格波动做出反应,而其反应强度依赖于受流动性约束的代理人所占的比重。由于资产价格波动导致了流动性约束的时变性,最优利率规则对股价、房价等资产价格波动的最优权重也具有时变性。本文的实证分析表明,我国央行对房价和股价波动的利率调整具有时变性,以及此次金融危机爆发期间显现的这种时变性特征,与本文理论分析结果相吻合。     

Altruism,Liquidity Constraint,and Investment in Education

In Japan and other East Asian societies, household educational expenditures per child (especially private tutoring expenditures) have increased sharply, perhaps to an excessive degree. This paper suggests a rationale for many families to invest extensively in education, whereas other relevant literature rarely addresses the possibility of excessive educational investment. Introducing altruism and liquidity constraints into a model in which parent and child interact for determining investment in the child's education, we show that educational investment may be excessive unless the family is profoundly liquidity‐constrained. Our result extends previous findings incorporating the Samaritan's Dilemma. We also discuss public policy designed to remedy the inefficiency in educational investment.     

On Income Velocity of Money,Precautionary Money Demand and Growth

A stochastic growth model with money introduced via a cash-in-advance constraint is used to analyze the behavior of the income velocity of real monetary balances and money demand. Agents can purchase consumption goods only using government issued money. The cash-in-advance constraint may become nonbinding because of the uncertainty about the realization of the state of the economy. We find that the precautionary money demand may introduce significant changes into the volatility of the income velocity if it happens almost always. Its presence can also alter the relationship between the average growth rate of money supply and the average growth rate of the economy.     

货币需求弹性决定因素的实证研究

文章从企业和家庭层面的货币需求异质性,对传统货币需求函数进行修正,分析货币需求收入弹性和利率弹性的决定因素。实证结果表明,产业结构和经济开放度不但直接影响货币需求规模,而且通过货币需求弹性间接影响货币需求的变化,产业结构主要对货币需求收入弹性显著影响,而经济开放度对货币需求收入弹性和利率弹性均有显著影响。产业结构升级将弱化对货币需求收入弹性的影响,而加剧对货币需求规模的影响。经济开放度对货币需求的影响将逐渐由正转负,并最终导致货币需求下降。     

结构性减税的税制思考

中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划的建议中,提出了积极构建有利于转变经济发展方式的财税体制。本文在回顾结构性减税的积极效应之后,提出了进一步完善增值税转型等税制改革新思路,以及结构性减税应做好有关配套改革的思考。进一步发挥结构性减税对促进产业结构升级、调节收入分配等方面具有积极作用,能够有效推动经济发展方式的转变。     

Income Distribution and the Demand Constraint

This paper argues thatthe interaction between inequality and the demand patterns forgoods is a potential source of persistent inequality. Incomedistribution, in the presence of non-homothetic preferences,affects the demand for goods and, due to differences in factorintensities across sectors, it alters the return to factors ofproduction and the initial distribution of income. Low inequalityleads to high demand for medium skilled intensive goods, providinga bridge over which low skill dynasties may transition to thehigh-skilled sector in the long run. Under high inequality however,the initial lack of demand for medium skilled labor breachesthis bridge from poverty to prosperity and inequality persists.     

Liquidity Shock,Credit Constraint and the Development of Private vs. State-Owned Enterprises

Based on firm level data for the period of 1998–2007, this paper attempts to explain the growth differences between private enterprises and state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in China, in the context of liquidity shocks, and institutional and financial environments. It is found that (1) when liquidity tightens, the private enterprises face stricter credit constraints than SOEs, which restricts the development of private enterprise; (2) when liquidity becomes abundant, private enterprises face fewer financial limitations and grow much faster than SOEs; (3) the effect of liquidity shocks on the growth rate gap between private enterprises and SOEs has weakened during the period 2002–2007. These findings reveal that the credit discrimination against private enterprises can be mitigated by improving institutional and financial environments, which weaken the effects of liquidity shocks on firm growth.     

Liquidity, Quality, Production Cost, and Welfare in a Search Model of Money

This paper examines a search model of money with divisible commodities of high and low quality, while keeping the assumptions of indivisible money and unit-inventory constraint. With no direct barter and a higher fixed cost of producing high relative to low quality, an increase in the money stock encourages the production of high-quality output by trading off the larger trading opportunities against the significance of higher fixed cost. As long as the fixed-cost differential between high and low quality is sufficiently small relative to the utility gain from high-quality consumption, the quality improvement outweighs the negative effect of higher money stocks on aggregate production, and hence implies higher welfare.     

中国经济转型与货币需求

本文采用"从一般到特殊"的动态建模方法对中国经济转型过程中的货币需求函数进行了再估计,通过引入市场化进程相对指数作为衡量经济转型的制度变量考察货币需求、经济增长、通货膨胀、利率和经济转型之间的相互关系。结果发现,尽管1978—2007年间30年的改革开放使得中国的经济体制和金融体系发生了较大的转型,但通过引入适当的制度变量,仍然可以得到稳定的货币需求函数。本文建立的货币需求动态模型证实了经济体制的市场化转型无论长短期都是拉动货币需求增加的因素,通货膨胀是解释货币量的有效外生解释变量,短期内利率变量对实际货币需求影响不显著,但其确实显著地进入了长期货币需求关系。     

论货币量、价格水平与税收的联动关系

理论上而言,若货币流通速度相对稳定,而货币量超经济快速增长,则必然引起价格水平的上涨,且在以商品劳务税为主体税种的税制结构下,这一同向变动关系将直接传递到税收。本文通过构建协整模型,证实了我国货币量、价格水平与税收之间存在的正向联动关系,如果将我国CPI统计口径存在一定缺陷,且长期被低估的情况考虑在内,这一联动关系将更加明显。在经济新常态下,我国应努力降低以价格为计税依据的商品劳务税占比,优化税制结构,以减轻企业和居民税收负担,诱导货币资金从房地产市场、股票市场流向实体经济。同时,应有效控制货币发行量和银行流动性规模,使货币量与经济增长相匹配,以降低通胀的潜在风险。     

当前世界减税趋势与中国税收政策取向

进入新世纪 ,随着经济全球化的加快发展 ,各国纷纷推出了减税计划和方案 ,形成了新一轮世界性的减税趋势和浪潮。我国自 1 998年以来 ,税收收入连年大幅增长 ,这对增强国家宏观调控能力 ,促进经济形势的好转发挥了重要作用。但是 ,税收长期超常增长 ,加重了企业和居民的负担 ,对刺激投资和消费、扩大内需、提高企业国际竞争力不利。在当前国内外形势下 ,从有利于经济持续发展来看 ,中国应采取完善税制、适度减税政策。