危机时刻的社会保障支出

文章研究了社会保障支出与金融危机之间的关系,回答了两个问题:第一个问题是:在金融危机发生后,社会保障支出的发展趋势如何?第二个问题是:哪些原因可以解释这些变化?文章认为,社会保障制度往往诞生于危机之际。此外,一般地讲,社会保障支出在危机期间会增加;但是各国情况不同,发达国家显示出反周期支出的特点。文章支持这样一个观点,即危机可以被当作改善和加强社会保障的机会,而在这样的过程中,各国不仅可以缓解危机最不利的影响,而且能制定比较好的社会政策,改进长期危机的防范应对。     

社会保障税与社会保障制度优化

社会保障税是指定用于社会保障的工薪税。本文分析了工薪税的税收归宿和劳动供给弹性的影响。当劳动供给弹性较小时 ,税收主要由劳动力负担 ,而且可能会增加就业压力 ;工薪税在劳动同质程度较高时可以取得较好的再分配效应。本文还描述了社会保障制度优化的理论过程。社会保障制度优化是指现收现付计划和强制储蓄计划的最优搭配 ,它以“黄金律”条件下的隔代帕累托改进为标准。就同代收入再分配而言 ,将收入再分配计划的目标定为提高受益人的受教育水平 ,而不是直接为其提供免费的社会福利 ,将有助于缓解收入再分配的代价。     

公共教育、社会保障与收入分布

本文使用一个世代交叠模型揭示了公共教育与社会保障调节收入分布的作用机制。研究发现,公共教育能够有效地缩小家庭教育投资差距,从而降低收入差异;社会保障则通过减少低收入家庭的劳动供给、增加其有效家庭教育时间来降低收入差异。本文的数值模拟结果显示,在同样的支出水平下公共教育调节收入差异的能力比社会保障更强。并且当存在财政预算约束时,从降低收入差异的角度来看,若财政预算规模较低则应当将资金优先用于公共教育;若财政预算规模较高则应当在公共教育与社会保障之间保持平衡。     

省级社会保障公共支出分类比较研究

中国省级社会保障公共支出存在着类型化的可能。通过选取"社会保障公共支出水平"、"经济发展水平"和"政府力量"三个变量作为分类框架和指标,利用2005—2008年度截面数据测算,可以将各省份区分为东中西三大类型区域。统计分析发现,这三类区域不仅在省级社会保障公共支出相对比重之间存在着显著的差异,而且各区域也形成了不同的社会保障发展机制。     

Health,Social Insurance and Income

Health, a form of human capital, can be defined by longevity and physical wellbeing. Social policy decisions require an understanding of the factors that contribute to the creation of health inequalities. To learn more about socioeconomic variables and health capital, this paper examines the relationship between three key variables: health, social insurance, and income, for the Swedish population. Using a randomized research survey design, data from 3,600 participants of a larger Swedish study, conducted in 2005, was analyzed. A linear model of Three Stage Least Squares was chosen to correct for simultaneous bias in the Health, Social Insurance, and Income (HSI) Model. Findings confirm the importance of socioeconomic, behavioral and environmental factors in explaining health inequalities. The results clearly show men, educated people, nonsmokers, individuals that exercise and youngsters possess higher health status than other people. The dependency on social insurance is mainly caused by poor health; a higher degree of social insurance dependency was offset by income increases due to age and higher professional level.      

论社会保障缴款的性质

为加快我国现代社会保障制度的建立与可持续发展,必须更好地明确政府的社会责任及其资金安排,需要从理论上明确社会保障缴款的性质。社会保障是现代政府的当然职责,社会保障缴款的收支符合税收的所有基本特征,在社会保险基金出现缺口时,国家扮演着最后出场的角色,而且一些国家直接以一般税收作为社会保障的资金来源,而社会保障缴款与受益之间的紧密联系更多的是一种收入策略,因此,社会保障缴款无论称"费"或称"税",其本质都是税收。     

现行社会保障制度对不同阶层收入影响的实证分析

文章利用洛伦兹曲线和基尼系数,首先测算了城镇不同收入阶层缴纳社会保险费后收入分布的变化及基尼系数的变化情况,在此基础上测算了不同收入阶层从政府得到不同社会保障收入后的收入分布的变化及基尼系数的变化情况,从而得出社会保障制度实施的综合效应。分析结果显示,不同类型的社会保障对不同收入阶层的影响是不同的,即使某些政策有利于基尼系数的缩小,但不利于收入最低的阶层。研究认为,有针对性地调整部分社会保障政策,对调整收入分配差距的目标有帮助。     

Heterogeneity in Consumer Demands and the Income Effect: Evidence from Panel Data

This paper uses unique Spanish panel data on household expenditures to test whether unobservable heterogeneity in household demands (taste, etc.) is correlated with total expenditures (income). The main finding is that tastes are indeed correlated with income for about half of the goods considered, implying that cross‐sectional estimates of income elasticities for these goods are biased. The goods are the following: food eaten outside home, alcohol and tobacco, transportation, and energy. The elasticity of alcohol and tobacco is more than halved when taking unobserved heterogeneity into account. For transportation, the bias is sufficiently large to misclassify the good as a luxury.     

加快健全和完善社会保障制度

文章对加快健全和完善社会保障制度建设的必要性与重要性进行了分析，认为健全社会保障制度是推动经济增长，实现全面小康社会目标的必然选择，是维系社会稳定和国家长治久安的重要保证，也是实现人的全面发展的必要条件。     

综合性农村医疗保障构架的制度分析

农村医疗保障,作为农村社会保障的主要组成部分,必然面临卫生防疫、健康保健、疾病诊治等多方面需求。综观我国农村合作医疗制度的演进以及国外农村医疗保障制度构建的成功经验不难发现,以病症诊治为主体,以预防保健、医疗救助、医疗保险、社区医疗等为补充的综合性农村医疗保障制度体系,有着层次分明、功能完备、适应性与可持续性强等特点,理应成为我国农村医疗保障制度构建的目标和典范。     

Public Insurance against Idiosyncratic and Aggregate Risk: The Case of Social Security and Progressive Income Taxation

In this article, I discuss the role a progressive income taxsystem and a redistributive pay as you go (PAYGO) social securitysystem can play in insuring and reallocating idiosyncratic aswell as aggregate risk. I also argue that the underlying sourceof market failures generating such a role for government interventionmay be crucial when determining the normative consequences ofsuch social insurance. (JEL Classifications: E62, H21, H24,H55).     

论公民社会保障权的实施成本及其控制

社会保障权是现代社会公民的一项基本权利,为公民提供社会保障是现代政府的当然职责,但公民社会保障权的实现,需要消耗巨额公共资源。广义上讲,公民社会保障权的实施成本,主要包括直接支付成本、管理成本与转制成本。其中,社会保障权实施的管理成本应属于社会保障制度建设的基础问题,本文在对社会保障权实施的管理成本影响因素进行实证分析的基础上,提出了降低公民社会保障权实施成本的基本思路与政策建议。     

增进财产性收入，推动社会保障改革

财产性收入一般是指家庭拥有的动产和不动产所获得的收入，属于分配领域的初次分配范畴。对于再分配领域的社会保障来讲，财产性收入可以转化成社会保障收入，是社会保障制度的重要基石，在许多情况下还可以替代社会保障的某些功能。而社会保障可以极大地弥补财产性收入分配的不公平。因此，我们可以从增进财产性收入出发，推动多样养老模式创新，坚决做实个人账户，加大企业年金的税收优惠，保护失地农民合法的权益，推动社会保障改革。     

非农就业、母亲照料与儿童健康——来自中国乡村的证据

中国农村女性参与非农就业的比例显著提高,对于增进家庭收入、减少贫困起到了积极的作用。但从女性在家庭中的双重身份——挣取收入者和照看孩子的主要人员出发,其劳动模式和供给行为的改变对于下一代福利的影响和人力资本的积累所起到的作用却是不确定的。本文通过将农村地区妇女的劳动供给状况进行区分,就其劳动参与行为对孩童健康状况的影响进行了探讨。在控制其他因素的情况下,母亲额外单位的劳动时间的增加对孩子的健康状况具有显著的负向影响,且同样的母亲非农劳动时间的增加对于孩童健康的负面影响大于农业劳动时间增加的影响程度,而母亲收入增加对孩子健康状况具有显著的正向影响;边际效果分析表明母亲收入增加对孩子健康的正向影响难以抵销劳动时间增加所带来的负面效果。孩子性别不同所受到的影响亦不同,女童相对而言处于健康的劣势地位。虽然母亲的劳动供给有助于缩小孩子营养状况的性别差距,但却是以所有儿童的健康状况下降为代价的。研究结果预期具有较强的政策含义。     

Policy induced increases in private healthcare financing provide short-term relief of total healthcare expenditure growth: Evidence from OECD countries

Healthcare reforms have long been advocated as a cure to the increasing healthcare expenditures in advanced economies. Nevertheless, it has not been established whether a market solution via private financing, rather than public financing, curb aggregate healthcare expenditures. To our knowledge, this paper is the first that quantifies the impact of reforms that significantly increases (decreases) the private (public) share of healthcare financing on total healthcare expenditures relative to income in 20 OECD countries. Our reform measure is based on structural break testing of the private share of total expenditures, and verification using evidence of policy reforms. To quantify the effect of these reforms we apply Propensity Score Matching and Inverse Probability Weighted regression analysis. Over a 5-year evaluation period the reforms lead to an accumulated cost saving 0.45 percentage points of GDP. The yearly effects of the reforms are largest in the first years in the post-reform period and decreases in size as a function of time since the reform. Our findings suggest that the investigated healthcare reforms have a relatively short-lived effect on aggregate health spending relative to GDP. The findings are robust to various sensitivity tests.     

Home production and Social Security reform

This paper incorporates home production into a dynamic general equilibrium model of overlapping generations with endogenous retirement to study Social Security reforms. Specifically, home production takes housing, home input, and home hours as inputs and produces a good that is substitutable with market good. As such, the model differentiates both consumption goods and labor effort according to their respective roles in home production and market activities. Using a calibrated model, we conduct a policy experiment where we eliminate the current pay-as-you-go Social Security system. We find that the experiment has important implications for labor supply as well as consumption decisions and that these decisions are influenced by the presence of the home production technology. More importantly, comparing our economy to a one-good economy without home production, the welfare gains of eliminating Social Security are magnified significantly especially in the long run. The reasons are twofold and related to the general aspects of home production. First, home production implies a more elastic labor supply rendering the payroll labor tax more distortionary. Second, home production introduces insurance possibilities that are not present when only market-produced goods are available and, thus, reduces the need for government redistributive policies.     

城市化、农地制度与迁移人口社会保障——一个转轨中发展的大国视角与政策选择

城市化过程中的流动人口,农村内部农地调整以及农用土地非农化问题是现阶段中国转轨与经济发展过程中面临的重大问题。这三方面问题具有非常紧密的关联,需要一个整体思路来进行分析,更需要在此基础上给出系统、具操作性的解决方案。本文在对这些问题及其政策关联性进行剖析的基础上,揭示了中国户籍制度与农地制度改革在一个大国的转轨与经济发展过程中的特殊性,并提出一个政策组合,试图在改革现有土地征用制度的同时,通过给予农民在土地和城镇社会保障之间的自由选择权建立起一种良性的城市化机制,从而实现户籍制度和农地制度改革的突破。     

社会保障制度改革的路径选择——由美国社会保障“私有化”争论引发的思考

边际改革与结构性改革是社会保障领域中两类重要的改革方式.本文以美国社会保障"私有化"争论为例,通过分析这场争论的缘由与实质,以及社会保障制度边际改革和结构性改革的作用机理,指出社会保障制度改革的路径选择是多支柱模式的结构性改革方式,这是主流趋势;边际改革与结构性改革不是非此即彼关系,而是互补关系.     

务农农民社会保障体系的构建设想

社会保障是体现社会公平的重要内容之一。但我国目前将占人口较大比例的农民排除在社会保障体系之外,这就有失社会保障体现社会公平的最初目标。随着我国经济的不断发展．我国农民这一群体逐渐分化为具有鲜明特征的三类群体：一是失地农民;二是在城乡之间流动的农民,即“农民工”;三是到目前为止仍然从事农业生产的农民。针对我国务农农民生产、生活特点,务农农民社会保障体系的构建应注意三个方面：第一,建立强制的医疗和生育险;第二,在务农农民养老保险的设计上,应采取在继续强化现行的农村“五保”的前提下,推行以家庭养老为主、社会养老和商业养老为辅的养老模式;第三,建立农村最低生活保障制度。     

论社会保障的生命周期及中国的周期阶段

从国家保障、福利国家、强制储蓄和社会保险等主要的社会保障模式中 ,可以看到由产生、成长、高峰、衰退和消亡等阶段组成的社会保障体制的生命周期。中国的新社会保障体制在其生命周期上已经完成产生阶段 ,正处于成长阶段的中期 ,经过另外三十年左右的努力 ,将可以进入高峰阶段。为此 ,中国需要在社会保障体制的改革和建设中对农村保障、养老保障、失业保障和医疗保障诸方面 ,付出一系列特殊而具体的努力