防范离岸公司不正当经营之对策

随着国际经济一体化的发展,目前国内越来越多企业都在国际避税地注册了离岸公司。各种利益的驱使,使越来越多的投资者和投机者注册离岸公司,然而这种离岸经营在某种程度上加剧了资本外逃,减少了国家的税收,造成了国有资产的流失,滋长了腐败。为此,应注重国际合作,加强对离岸金融中心的监管,适度限制有关机构在内地开展离岸金融服务。     

发展中国家承接离岸服务外包竞争力的决定因素——基于26个主要接包国的面板数据研究

劳动力成本相对较高的发展中国家在承接离岸服务外包和保证服务提供质量方面具有优势。经济自由度较高、人力资本禀赋较丰富、IT基础设施水平较完善、服务业发展水平较高、官方语言或通用语言为英语的国家在承接离岸服务外包具有明显优势。在实证结果的基础上,本文提出了增强中国承接离岸服务外包竞争力的着力点。     

电信服务提供商的多因素激励机制研究

在电信运营商和SP合作中,电信运营商提供业务传输通道,SP主要提供业务服务,然后二者按一定比例对该业务收益进行分成。如何处理电信运营商与SP的关系,是电信产业未来几年所要研究的重点,由于电信运营商和电信服务提供商（SP）之间存在利益冲突和信息不对称,很容易导致SP的违规行为。电信运营商和SP之间的关系属于多因素的委托-代理关系。在设计委托-代理激励合同时,从多因素角度考虑了电信运营商对SP的激励,在设计委托-代理激励合同时,从两个任务的角度即：可观测到的SP发展的用户数、业务量和用户数及业务量增量和可观测到的SP的信用积分和等级。并通过风险成本和代理成本研究可知对SP进行多因素激励是非常必要的。在具体分析时采用了双因素激励模型。     

解析英国支持海洋风电产业发展的五个“着力点”

英国是全球最大的海洋风电国家,不仅资源丰富,技术也具有领先优势。英国政府为支持海洋风电产业发展,积极谋划出台了系列激励政策,并确保政策的连续性。基于英国政府联合产业制定并出台的海洋风电产业战略,对英国近期实施的支持风电产业发展的政策和措施进行了系统梳理,凝练了英国促进海洋风电产业发展的5个"着力点":明确和稳定市场预期,提升本土企业竞争力,系统支持研发和技术创新,带动和鼓励金融资本注入,夯实高技能人才基础。通过对英国政府在上述5个方面实施或即将实施的具体措施和行动进行详细介绍,以期为我国制定支持新能源产业发展的有关政策提供参考。     

论中国农村公共事业的建设与管理

农村公共事业的落后是农村发展中的薄弱环节,也是农民反映最强烈的问题。发展农村公共事业,不断增强农村的自我造血功能,逐渐缩小城乡差距,农村的面貌才会迎来新一轮的历史巨变。新农村建设须加大政府对农村各项公共事业的投入,从而改变城乡分割的公共事业管理体制,不断创新农村公共事业管理的机制。     

现代服务业发展的模块论及对我国的启示

进入21世纪以来,资源与环境问题日益困扰着全球经济的发展。在资源和环境的硬约束条件下,发展服务经济是摆脱资源和环境问题的有效途径。就我国而言,同样面临着资源短缺和环境恶化的严峻挑战。发展服务业,特别是现代服务业是我国经济发展的必然选择。国际经验表明,运用模块将极大地促进现代服务业的发展。基于此,本文对现代服务业发展的模块论进行了研究,并在我国现代服务业现状和发展目标分析的基础上,提出以多重模块加快发展我国现代服务业的建议。     

An empirical study of third-party purchase: New Zealand users’ perspective

This article investigates the potential for third-party purchase (3PP) services offered by third-party logistics (3PL) providers, from the perspective of 3PL users, based on transaction cost analysis. We conducted a survey of New Zealand 3PL users and received 163 usable responses. Structural equation modelling was used to test the conceptual model. We found that 3PL users are more likely to adopt 3PP service when there is greater uncertainty. Asset specificity, frequency and transaction size do not have a significant relationship with 3PP service adoption. However, 3PP service is significantly related to the value-to-client and benefit-to-3PL provider. This study is pioneering research on 3PP service as a value-added service offered by 3PL providers from the perspective of 3PL users. The findings suggest that offering 3PP service will provide mutual benefits and value for both 3PL users and their 3PL providers.     

考虑保鲜努力的生鲜农产品零售商与物流服务商的协调合同

物流服务商提高生鲜农产品的保鲜努力水平会对零售商的利润产生重要影响。一般的物流合同不能有效鼓励物流服务商提高生鲜农产品的保鲜努力水平。为此,本文建立了一种成本分担与收入共享合同。该合同在不损害物流服务商利益的前提下,使物流服务商提高保鲜努力水平;同时,零售商分担部分保鲜努力成本,并分享部分销售收入给物流服务商。研究结果表明,这一合同可形成一种有效的内在激励机制,提高物流服务商对生鲜农产品的保鲜努力水平,最终实现系统利润的最大化、双方的共赢。     

离岸外包风险基金建立的外部条件及其管理初探

服务外包企业在承接的离岸外包业务中潜藏着一系列的风险。建立离岸外包风险基金可以增强我国服务外包企业抵御各种风险的实力及水平。本文客观分析了离岸外包风险基金建立的外部条件并对加强离岸外包风险基金的管理进行了探讨。     

考虑集成商营销努力的养老服务提供商服务质量激励研究

在考虑养老服务集成商营销努力的情况下,通过设计成本分担契约、收益共享契约激励养老服务提供商改善服务质量,分析了两类激励契约的适用条件;比较了对养老服务质量、营销水平决策和各成员利润的改善作用。研究结果表明：提供商的服务质量、利润会随着成本分担比例的增加而递增,随着收益共享比例的增加而递减;集成商的营销水平会随着成本分担比例的增加而增加,而随着收益共享比例的增加而递减,利润水平会随着成本分担比例和收益共享比例的增加而递减;需求影响系数对三种情境下的提供商和集成商利润产生正向作用,签订成本分担契约对提供商较为有利,集成商可能更倾向于收益共享契约;成本影响系数则对利润产生负向作用,签订收益共享契约对提供商较为有利,对于集成商来说,其利润在三种情境下的差异不大;成本分担契约对激励提供商改善服务质量和集成商提升营销水平具有最佳的激励作用。在大多数情况下,提供商获得的利润总是高于集成商。     

Research on the mutual relations between ISP and ASP efficiency changes for the sustainable growth of the Internet industry

Innovations in Internet networks and applications are equally important. However, there is controversy in the literature regarding whether it is network or application innovation that leads to the development and innovation of Internet industries. In this study, the mutual relations of Internet service providers’ (ISP) and application service providers’ efficiency changes are analysed empirically using a Granger causality test. Over the entire period of 1998–2011, efficiency changes of web service companies positively Granger-cause those of ISPs and vice versa. In the case of VoIP and streaming services, however, efficiency changes of VoIP and streaming services Granger-cause those of ISPs during the former half period, whereas those of ISPs negatively Granger-cause efficiency changes of streaming services during the latter half. As services that require heavy data traffic and QoS guarantees are launched, a policy that promotes virtuous circulation between ISPs and application service providers (ASPs) is necessary for the development of all Internet-related industries.     

Vertical Foreign Direct Investment versus Outsourcing: A Welfare Comparison from the Perspective of a Host Country

In the offshoring literature, there is a huge disconnect between the alternative modes of organizing offshore production and their relative welfare impact on a host country. We bridge this gap by comparing the welfare of a host country from vertical foreign direct investment (VFDI) vis‐à‐vis international outsourcing. Our model finds that the ability to maximize welfare in the alternative modes of organizing offshore production is contingent on the absorptive capacity of the host country. If a host country's absorptive capacity is above a critical threshold, outsourcing is more welfare enhancing vis‐à‐vis VFDI; while even with an absorptive capacity lower than this critical threshold, outsourcing being welfare improving over VFDI cannot be ruled out.     

Unlocking the promise of mobile value-added services by applying new collaborative business models

Due to the intense voice service competition and subscriber growth saturation, the average revenue per user (ARPU) of mobile communications service providers continues to decline, thereby severely affecting their total revenue and profitability. To counter this challenge, mobile communications service providers are now moving from “tariff competition” to “service competition.” As mobile communications enter the next-generation network (NGN) era, network bandwidth and transmission speed are greatly enhanced. The enhancement enables mobile communications service providers to provide content-rich, multimedia value-added services to create new service value, meet demands of customers, and increase ARPU. To understand how to construct mobile value-added services, this study uses survey forms to collect feedback from 35 industry and research institution experts and scholars and to present systematically the finding on the mobile value-added services strategy. The research employs the analytic network process (ANP) to analyze the strategy of mobile service providers in delivering mobile services in the NGN. The business strategy evaluation framework and evaluation result can be used as guides for players in the mobile communications industry to review, improve, and enhance their service and strategy.     

The role of institutions and immigrant networks in firms’ offshoring decisions

The offshoring of production by firms has expanded dramatically in recent decades, increasing their potential for economic growth. What determines the location of offshore production? How do countries’ policies and characteristics affect a firm's decision about where to offshore? Do firms choose specific countries because of the countries’ policies or because they know them better? In this paper, we use a rich dataset on Danish firms to analyze how decisions to offshore production depend on the institutional characteristics of the country and firm-specific bilateral networks. We find that institutions that reduce credit risk and corruption increase the probability that firms will offshore there, while those that increase regulation in the labour market decrease this probability. We also show that a firm's probability of offshoring increases with the share of its employees who are immigrants from that country of origin. Finally, our analysis reveals that the negative impact of institutions that hinder offshoring is attenuated by a strong bilateral network of foreign workers.     

Lobbying and the international fight against tax havens

Despite a variety of measures taken by high‐tax countries, the international fight against tax havens so far remains rather ineffective. This paper introduces offshore lobbying as a possible explanation for this observation. The author analyzes the international fight against tax havens in a two‐country model, in which the onshore country exerts pressure on domestic profit‐shifting firms and the tax haven's government lobbies against this measure. In this framework, he finds that pressure and lobbying are strategic substitutes and that there is an extensive margin incentive for offshore lobbying. Furthermore, when starting at initially high costs for profit shifting, a reduction in these costs leads to fewer profit‐shifting firms. Finally, when allowing for a second low‐tax jurisdiction, the overall level of lobbying increases, but less than proportionally.     

Price Discrimination in Public Healthcare

Could a public healthcare system use price discrimination—paying medical service providers different fees, depending on the service provider's quality—lead to improvements in social welfare? We show that differentiating medical fees by quality increases social welfare relative to uniform pricing (i.e. quality‐invariant fee schedules) whenever hospitals and doctors have private information about their own ability. We also show that by moving from uniform to differentiated medical fees, the public healthcare system can effectively incentivise good doctors and hospitals (i.e. low‐cost‐types) to provide even higher levels of quality than they would under complete information. In the socially optimal quality‐differentiated medical fee system, low‐cost‐type medical‐service providers enjoy a rent due to their informational advantage. Informational rent is socially beneficial because it gives service providers a strong incentive to invest in the extra training required to deliver high‐quality services at low cost, providing yet another efficiency gain from quality‐differentiated medical fees.     

Corruption in public service delivery: An experimental analysis

To improve our understanding of corruption in service delivery, we use a newly designed game that allows us to investigate the effects of the institutional environment on the behavior of service providers and their monitors. We focus on the effect of four different factors: whether monitors are accountable to the service recipients, the degree of observability of service providers’ effort, the providers’ wages and the providers’ professional norms. In accordance with theory, we find that service providers perform better when monitors are elected by service recipients and when their effort is more easily observed. However, there is only weak evidence that service providers perform better when paid more. Monitors are more vigilant when elected and when service providers are paid more. Playing the game with Ethiopian nursing students, we also find that those with greater exposure to the Ethiopian public health sector perform less well, either as provider or as monitor, when the experiment is framed as a public health provision scenario, suggesting that experience and norms affect behavior.     

Entry and Innovation in Maturing Markets: Virtual Operators in Mobile Telecommunications

In the last few years the mobile telecommunications industry has witnessed the entry of a large number of new service providers. Traditionally, mobile users get their mobile services from the service providers owned by vertically integrated mobile network operators (MNOs). The new entrants do not own a network of their own however, because they use the existing mobile infrastructure, i.e. they are 'mobile virtual network operators' (MVNOs). By granting these virtual operators access to their networks, MNOs actually facilitate the entry of potential competitors for their own downstream service providers. These new entrants might attract additional users by offering competitive services and create extra value with their well-known brand names and other complementary assets. This study focuses on the mobile market of the Netherlands, where competition is intense and MVNOs proliferate. The aim of this research is to improve our understanding of the entry of virtual operators in general, and specifically by explaining why and how virtual operators enter the mobile market and the impact they have on competition in the mobile market.     

The Impact of Liberalizing Barriers to Foreign Direct Investment in Services: The Case of Russian Accession to the World Trade Organization

In this paper a computable general equilibrium model of the Russian economy is used to assess the impact of accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO), which encompasses improved market access, Russian tariff reduction, and reduction of barriers against multinational service providers. It is assumed that foreign direct investment in business services is necessary for multinationals to compete well with Russian business services providers, but cross‐border service provision is also present. The model incorporates productivity effects in both goods and services markets endogenously, through a Dixit–Stiglitz framework. It is estimated that Russia will gain about 7.2% of the value of Russian consumption in the medium term from WTO accession and up to 24% in the long run. It is also estimated that the largest gains to Russia will derive from liberalization of barriers against multinational service providers. Piecemeal and systematic sensitivity analysis shows that the results are robust.     

Market share determination in marketing service industries - A demand side approach∗

A marketing service industry provides its business clients with its services such as advertising media or inbound telecommunication ( i.e. toll free 800 calls) to increase their sales. By extending Dorfman and Steiner (1954) to the world where firms obtain costly marketing services from outside specialized providers, this paper studies the market shares of providers of a marketing service from the perspective of their clients. It derives that at the optimal point for a representative client, a provider's market share equals the ratio of the profits contributed by its service to the total profits contributed by the services of all providers in the market. Under certain conditions, a provider's market share is just a function of quality-price ratios. This result should facilitate choosing a marketing service from alternative providers and analyzing market shares in marketing-service industries.