The simultaneous evolution of economic growth,financial development,and trade openness

This article empirically investigates the interactions among economic growth, financial development, and trade openness through simultaneous equation systems. The identification and estimation of the systems rely on the methodology of identification through heteroskedasticity. The empirical results show that each of the three variables interacts in important ways. When controlling for the reverse causation, trade promotes economic growth in high-income, low-inflation, and nonagricultural countries but has a negative impact on growth in countries with the opposite attributes. Similarly, when accounting for the feedbacks from growth, banks and stock markets have different impacts on economic growth. While banking development is detrimental to output growth, stock market development is more favorable to growth in high-income, low-inflation, and nonagricultural countries. The data also reveal coexistence of a positive effect of financial development on trade and a negative effect of trade on financial development in poorer countries. In richer countries, financial development stimulates trade openness whereas trade has an ambiguous impact on financial development.     

Linkage between international trade and economic growth in GCC countries: Empirical evidence from PMG estimation approach

This paper explores the empirical evidence of the links between economic growth and openness to international trade by controlling for auxiliary variables in the model for the six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries over the annual sample period 1980–2010. After testing for cointegration based on a recent bootstrap panel test, we employ the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) estimation technique of M.H. Pesaran, Y. Shin, and R. Smith (1999. “Pooled Mean Group Estimation of Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels”. Journal of the American Statistical Association 94: 621–634) that is appropriate for drawing sharper conclusions in dynamic heterogeneous panels by considering long-run equilibrium relations. The results show evidence of cointegration relationship between the variables of interest, and reveal that economic growth responds positively to trade openness over both the short run and long run. The evidence is robust to using various trade openness measures and to alternative model specifications, suggesting thus the non-fragility of the linkage between economic growth and openness to international trade for the GCC region. Our findings are then promising and support the view that economic growth is directly and robustly linked to trade openness for the GCC countries.     

The impact of trade openness on the unemployment rate in G7 countries

Recent and ongoing literature strongly implies the existence of a significant and robust impact of trade openness (liberalisation) and globalisation on unemployment, particularly in developed economies. This paper empirically investigates the impacts of four different measures of trade openness and globalisation on the unemployment rate in an unbalanced panel framework. The analysis focuses on the G7 countries: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US). Robust empirical findings from panel data estimates demonstrate that, along with macroeconomic indicators and market size, all the measures of trade openness and globalisation are significantly and negatively associated with the unemployment rate. Therefore, we conclude that the continuation of the globalisation process instead of protectionism is of great importance in reducing the unemployment rate in developed economies.     

The effects of trade agreements on the growth of major Latin American economies

While the connection between trade openness and economic growth is generally assumed to be positive, empirically, it is not clearly demonstrable. Examinations of the relationship between trade and growth have taken a number of approaches, differing both in the empirical methods, as well as the proxies employed for trade openness, trade liberalization, and growth, but results have been decidedly mixed. Our research differs from prior studies in that it does not examine whether trade policy, trade liberalization or the level of trade itself enhances GDP; but rather whether participating in a specific type of trade agreement/union and/or the number of trade agreements to which a given country or region belongs enhances a country's level of growth. For this purpose, we study the relationship between trade agreements and growth for 18 Latin American countries between 1960 and 2008. Empirical analysis uses an adaptation of the neoclassical Solow growth model. Even though supporters of globalization advance the notion that involvement in trade agreements will help a country's economy, our findings suggest that that may not be consistently so.     

基于动态面板GMM的海运服务贸易开放度与竞争力关系的实证研究

在对传统方法计算得到的海运服务贸易开放度进行修正的基础上,基于26个世界主要海运国家2001~2012年面板数据,运用动态面板广义矩估计(GMM)方法对海运服务贸易开放度与竞争力的关系进行了实证研究。结果显示:海运服务贸易开放度与竞争力之间并非简单的线性关系,而是呈现倒U型曲线关系,即在海运服务贸易自由化进程初期,一国海运服务贸易的竞争力会随其开放度的提高而增强,但开放度超越某一水平后则会给竞争力的持续提升带来负面影响。因此,中国应在海运服务贸易市场适度开放原则的指导下,适当加强对本土海运服务贸易企业的支持与保护,并通过进一步推动其管理创新等方式促进其整体竞争力提升。     

我国对外贸易结构对OFDI 影响的研究 ——基于动态面板模型的实证分析

本文使用2003～2010年我国对外直接投资的面板数据,采用GMM估计方法进行动态面板数据分析,考察了我国对外贸易结构对OFDI的影响。对世界样本的研究发现:我国制成品出口比重对OFDI有显著的促进作用,而对我国初级产品进口集中度、我国与东道国的贸易结合度以及总产品出口竞争力却会产生抑制作用。对发展中国家样本的分析则显示我国制成品出口竞争力对OFDI有显著的促进作用,而对我国制成品出口比重和总产品出口竞争力却没有显著的影响。     

Inequality and trade: Some insights from the history of economic thought

ABSTRACT

Perceptions of income inequality and social insecurity are increasing in advanced economies of the North-Western hemisphere. They are widely associated with offshoring and related phenomena of the transnationalization of production and finance. This article examines the capacity and limits of standard trade theory in explaining the links between trade and inequality. It suggests avenues for gaining further insights by taking recourse to the larger inventory of theories and concepts in the history of economic thought.     

The effect of diplomatic representation on trade: A panel data analysis

This study addresses current gaps in the empirical literature regarding the effect of diplomatic representation on trade using a panel data set for 100 countries with 5‐year interval data from 1985 to 2005 and four‐digit level industry data. The results indicate that the effect of diplomatic representation on exports in differentiated goods is positive and significant and larger than on exports in homogeneous goods on average, but not statistically different from it. Furthermore, diplomatic representation only increases trade along the extensive margin and not along the intensive margin. The results indicate that diplomatic representation is effective in performing its function as a network search intermediary and that it is a useful policy tool to alleviate market failure.     

Export product range and economic growth in the EU countries

We analyse the number of different HS8 products in the EU countries’ exports in 1995–2015. We review what share, or coverage, of the total possible number of these products the countries have exported each year. The EU15 countries have typically witnessed a slow rise in this coverage rate, that is, a widening of their extensive margins. The exception is Finland where the share has declined considerably. On the other hand, Ireland, Greece, Portugal and the new member countries have seen a dramatic increase in their export product coverage. We analyse how the development in the coverage rate and, as a comparison, the diversification of exports as measured by the Herfindahl–Hirschman index are associated with GDP per capita growth. We find that changes in the former measure are positively associated with economic growth after we have controlled for GDP per capita catching‐up as well as investment and export activity. We also find that smaller EU economies do not specialise more than large ones in their exports as could perhaps be assumed.     

对外贸易影响我国资本形成的效应与地区差异——基于系统广义矩估计的动态面板数据分析

文章依据我国30个省、自治区和直辖市(西藏除外)1985～2006年的数据,采用动态面板数据模型以及Blundell和Bond(1998)提出的系统广叉矩估计法,把对外贸易对我国总体以及东、中、西部地区资本形成的效应进行了实证分析.其结果显示当期和滞后1期的进出口贸易对我国总体及东、中、西部地区的当期资本形成有正或负效应,且这种正负效应在东、中、西部地区之间存在明显的地区差异.还分析了产生这一结果的原因并提出措施发挥对外贸易对我国资本形成的正效应,尽量缩小正效应在不同地区的差异.     

区域对外开放度与通货膨胀动态不一致性——基于动态面板GMM的实证研究

通过研究开放经济条件下通货膨胀的影响因素及其与对外开放度之间的动态不一致性,应用中国大陆29个省市及东部、中部、西部各地区所属省份的省际面板数据对通货膨胀率与对外开放度之间的非线性关系进行实证分析。结果表明,对外开放度特别是对外贸易量的增长能够有效地控制一国或者地区的通货膨胀率,且中国东部、中部和西部不同地区间显示出一定的差异性,对比发现对外开放政策对东部和中部地区宏观经济稳定性的调控效果最为显著。     

外商投资对江西省经济增长贡献研究

文章运用灰色关联模型,对江西省2001—2010年外商投资与经济增长的关系进行了实证研究。研究表明:外商投资带来的产业转移与江西省经济发展的水平具有密切的关系,产业转移不断推进有力的促进了江西省经济的发展。文章最后还提出了相关的政策建议。     

贸易模式变迁与经济增长的关系研究

伴随着科技的进步与经济社会的发展,专业化分工逐步拓展与深化,贸易模式也相应地不断发生变化.与此同时,贸易模式的变迁又反过来促进了专业化分工的进一步深化,进而促进了技术进步与经济增长,贸易模式变迁、专业化分工深化与经济增长之间的交互关系对经济发展具有重要作用.     

The interplay of international trade,economic growth and income convergence: a brief intellectual history of recent developments

The literature on the interplay of international trade, economic growth, and income convergence across economies has proliferated in the past few decades. The present essay reviews the theoretical advancements and empirical findings in this literature. The focus will be on recent developments with a few glances at the past. The essay also describes new findings and insights into the role of international trade in global income distribution. Ideas for further research are offered throughout the essay.     

中国经济开放度与经济增长关系的实证分析

改革开放以来,中国对外贸易迅速发展,吸收FDI以及对外直接投资规模不断扩大,国民经济长期保持高速增长。通过贸易开放度和投资开放度两个指标测算中国的经济开放度,并在此基础上运用VAR模型和冲击反应模型对中国经济开放度与经济增长之间的关系进行经验检验。结果表明,贸易开放度和投资开放度对中国经济增长的作用存在较大的差异。进一步的动态研究发现,在不同的发展阶段,经济开放度对中国经济增长的冲击作用也存在较大的差异。     

北京市出口贸易与经济增长关系的实证研究

通过对改革开放以来北京市出口贸易与经济增长关系的实证分析,得出的基本结论是,经济体制改革和对外开放两因素对经济增长都具有显著的促进作用(前者的产出弹性为0.635,后者为0.110),其中非国有化程度的提高对经济增长的作用较大;同时,北京市的经济增长方式仍以要素投入为主,其中主要是劳动的投入。     

贸易开放度与经济增长研究进展述评

文章以贸易开放度度量指标的构建方式将贸易开放度的度量方法分为指标体系法和模型构建法进行阐述,并对每类方法存在的问题进行了评论;尽管贸易开放度与经济增长的关系在理论上有较为一致的观点.但是在实证研究方面却出现了不一致的结论,文章就实证研究结论不一致的原因进行了分析与评论.     

Impact of services trade on economic growth and current account balance: Evidence from India

This paper aims to study the impact of services trade on India’s economic growth and current account balance during the post-reform period. Earlier studies on this subject have mostly looked at the goods sector. Indian studies which analysed services-led growth from a balance of payments perspective suffered from a bias of having focused only on call-centre exports. In such a context, this study brings in a novel approach by using the Balance of Payments Constrained Growth model and autoregressive distributed lag cointegration to estimate the balance of payments equilibrium growth rate for India’s service sector. The key service sub-sectors are also identified using input–output tables and the TIVA database. This study finds that India’s service sector is growing at a rate almost equal to its balance of payments equilibrium growth rate under the assumption of constant relative prices in international trade, and at a rate lower than the equilibrium growth rate when this assumption is relaxed. Among the major services in India’s export basket, construction, transport and business services are found to exhibit strong backward linkages. Foreign value-added content in India’s services exports is found to be highest in the case of business services, transport services and telecommunications.     

中国对非洲直接投资与贸易的关系研究——基于面板数据的实证分析

文章从理论上回顾了对外直接投资的贸易效应,以非洲33个国家为样本,运用2002～2006年的数据,建立了中国对非洲直接投资与贸易之间关系的面板数据(Panel Data)模型,并进行了实证分析.研究发现,我国对非洲国家直接投资与贸易存在着互补效应;我国对非洲直接投资尚处于起步阶段,进一步拓展非洲市场有利于创造中非合作双赢局面.     

Evidence on the dynamic relationship between international trade and the stock market

This study uses vector autoregressive analysis to examine the dynamic interactions of monthly real stock returns, return volatility, exchange rates, export growth and import growth for Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan for the period 1975–91. We find that exports and imports have significant interactions. The results also indicate that stock returns in Hong Kong and Singapore Granger-cause trade flows. Return volatility is found to react strongly to trade news in all four countries, a result supporting the efficient-market hypothesis.