Alternative methods for waste paper disposal

The purpose of this paper is to develop an analytic model which can be applied to the disposal of various components of municipal waste. Utilizing data from the City of Philadelphia, this paper examines the generators of used newsprint; the interactions between incineration, landfill, and the beneficial extraction of the caloric content of paper for steam generation: and the feasibility of recycling. The social cost issue is considered in light of present City disposal practices Finally, an attempt is made to derive optimal collection and disposal policies for FY 1976 as functions of various model parameters. The paper concludes that the construction of a steam generation plant is a viable alternative to present disposal practices for a range of processing costs.     

廊坊市生活垃圾的处理现状及发展建议

通过对廊坊市三个县垃圾成分、产生情况、组分特性、处理现状及存在的问题进行分析可知,廊坊市生活垃圾具有含水高、厨余和餐饮等有机废物比例大、以混合收集为主的特征,且生活垃圾热值较高,满足垃圾焚烧热值要求,建议廊坊市在加强宣传教育引导、完善相关管理政策、做好环卫专项规划、完善农村管理体制等方面着手,推行生活垃圾焚烧的建议,以...     

In-house versus off-site sterilization

After a comprehensive review of in-house costs versus off-site sterilization costs, and considering financial and physical constraints, the decision was made to use the contracted service. Through the incorporation of the innovative concept of off-site sterilization. Flushing Hospital Medical Center was still able to provide a high standard of quality care as well as realize a significant cost savings. As hospitals face increasing demands to control costs, they may be forced to explore "uncharted waters" and give serious consideration to the use of outside services for a more efficient and effective CSS department.     

Packaging,business, and society

The objective of this paper is to present the impact of packaging material on sustainability. The article analyzes the size of the problem that arises from the use of packaging and the effect of various types of packaging material on waste management. The data on solid waste from the United States and the European Union reinforce that the problem is not only huge but also requires immediate attention. The research found that paying attention to packaging has the potential to improve economic, environmental, and social sustainability. Reducing packaging in supply chains improves profitability for organizations, reduces environmental impact, and helps societies in lowering the cost of disposal. The cost of packaging materials and the costs of disposal and landfill, are borne by the end consumers. Suggested approaches to minimizing the generation of packaging waste include concerted efforts for reducing packaging throughout supply chains where elimination of packaging is not feasible, the formation of a global policy on the use and disposal of packaging materials, and educating consumers.     

Purchasing: a necessary partnership

According to a recent survey published in Hospital Purchasing News, a Mcknight Medical Communications publication, the average hospital in the United States spent $16.7 million, not including equipment purchases, in 1994. This represents an increase of 41.6 percent over the amount spent in 1990, $11.8 million. The hospital's objective of having year-end revenues exceed expenses largely depends on the ability to purchase materiel at the best price, not necessarily the lowest cost. This goal can be achieved by partnering with suppliers and customers (hospital administrative and surgical staff, as well as patients) through open communication and trust. Reducing costs by a percent on the dollar could return $167,000 to the average hospital. Partnering can assist in achieving these savings!     

张家口市推行生活垃圾处理存在的问题和推行焚烧处置的对策建议

通过对张家口市生活垃圾处理的现状进行分析,论文提出了目前存在的主要问题。论文根据国家宏观政策导向和全国生活垃圾处理发展情况,结合垃圾焚烧处理项目建设中的民众关注点,提出了张家口市推行生活垃圾焚烧处置的对策建议。     

城市垃圾按量收费的经济分析

本文从理论上分析了城市垃圾按量收费制度下的单位定价问题和其对居民行为的影响。研究表明,在考虑环境成本的情况下,城市垃圾处理的边际成本不但要包括垃圾收集和处理的边际成本,还要包括边际环境成本。以此为基础进行按量收费的单位定价会促使以减少环境容污能力为代价的最终处理方式的成本不断提高,而分类回收的成本却趋于下降。所以处理厂商在垃圾处理方式的选择上会朝着资源化的方向变化。按量收费制度会促使居民减少垃圾的排放量,增加垃圾的分类回收量,因此具有显著的减量效果。同时,政府的宣传教育和政策法规的制定也具有重要的作用。     

我国生活垃圾焚烧技术现状与趋势

生活垃圾焚烧技术是目前垃圾处理的一种常用方法,在我国得到了广泛的应用。论文介绍了国内生活垃圾焚烧技术的现状和基本情况,提出了技术占比变化的主要原因,并分析了其未来的应用趋势和区域分布。     

建筑垃圾再生材料在高速公路回收再利用探讨

基于现代社会经济发展背景下,建筑垃圾生产量日益增加,建筑垃圾大多数未经过任何处理,就被运至简易填埋场或露天堆放,缺乏有效的建筑垃圾管理策略和先进的处置技术,对生态环境带来了非常严重的破坏现象。由此可见,对建筑垃圾进行合理回收与使用,与生态环境质量有着密切的联系。本文基于建筑垃圾的危害及处理现状,分析了建筑垃圾固废的分类,介绍了建筑垃圾固废的回收再利用措施,以供参考。     

Liability rules for toxics cleanup

This paper addresses the following question: If the objective of public policy is to promote efficiency in the markets for hazardous waste disposal, who should pay for the cleanup of unsafe (e.g., Superfund) disposal sites? It is shown that waste generators and taxpayers should share the costs of cleanup, with the cost shares being determined by the values of several parameters.     

Managing healthcare waste for sustainable environmental development: A hybrid decision approach

Healthcare waste management (HCWM) has become the most concerned issue for hospitals to enhance their environmental performance while reducing the waste disposal costs. The present study aims to standardize the evaluation criteria for the stakeholders to ensure sustainable environmental development by safe disposal of infectious healthcare waste (HCW). The present study applied the fuzzy-Delphi method to scrutinize the criteria identified from the literature and experts' opinions and resulted in 20 subcriteria under the following six main dimensions: experience, relationship, environmental factors, technology and qualification, economic factors, and firm's capabilities. Further, this study proposed a hybrid approach based on analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) under fuzzy environment to analyze the importance and interrelationships of these listed criteria. The study also showed that the experts have given approximately 70% weightage to three main criteria: firms' capabilities, economic factors, and technology and qualification. The implications of the study would help the healthcare administration and Pollution Control Boards to prepare check sheets for recording HCWM practices and, hence, contribute to sustainable environmental development in an efficient way. Understanding the prioritized cause-group criteria would further protect hospitals' environment from the spread of infection caused by the HCW in the long run.     

Hazardous waste disposal: A comparative analysis of regulation,taxes and subsidies

This paper contains a critique of existing legislation which deals with hazardous waste disposal and expands on the efforts made by the Office of Technology Assessment and other economists to develop a public policy which will deal effectively with the problems associated with hazardous waste generation and disposal. A new policy is set forth here which encourages both waste reduction and safe disposal while providing revenue to pay for cleanups at Superfund sites.     

国外引进污泥焚烧装置的研究与再次改造

本文主要介绍了上海桃浦污水处理厂1999年全套引进芬兰污泥焚烧装置的研究与改造。2008年我们对代表欧洲先进焚烧技术的污泥处理装置进行了一次深层次的技术改造,解决了系统之前所出现的环境差、设备运行不稳定、污泥处理成本过高等若干问题。系统改造后成功运行表明该污泥干化焚烧技术适合我国污泥处理处置要求,可成为国内污泥干化处理的典范,在我国应该能够得到大力的推广和发展。     

Spotlight on rehabilitation

Purchasing equipment for a comprehensive rehabilitation program is "patient driven." That means that the equipment needed will be inextricably intertwined with evaluation and restoration of patient function, both medically and psychologically. In addition to being concerned about the traditional managerial functions, that is equipment costs, usefulness, and maintenance, institutional liability, finance, and reimbursement guidelines, Materiel and Purchasing Directors must be knowledgeable about patient safety, rehabilitation QA, and the general impact of QA on direct patient care. As such, Materiel and Purchasing Directors become integral members of the therapeutic interdisciplinary patient care team.     

异地大学科技园区功能定位和创新机制研究——以浙大科技园区宁波分园为例

异地大学科技园是大学科技园主园以外,在不同城市建立起来的大学科技园。异地大学科技园的主要功能是孵化企业和创业支持,作为连接大学、企业、政府的载体,异地大学科技园承担着多重角色,充分发挥大学的创新辐射作用。在促进大学科技成果产业化的同时,培育了许多高新技术企业,推动了区域经济的创新发展。大学科技园借助政府推动创新发展的利好政策以及自身的创新机制的建立,充分实现各项功能,为大学产学研以及区域的创新发展提供了良好的平台。     

TECHNOLOGY STRATEGY IN A REGULATION-DRIVEN MARKET: LESSONS FROM THE US SUPERFUND PROGRAM

Estimates by the US Office of Technology Assessment of the costs to clean up the 1246 EPA National Priority List sites stand at more than $500 billion over the next 50 years. This cost estimate is based on existing technologies which are neither as technically advanced nor economically efficient as is necessary to realistically complete the job. However, despite the potential profits for remediation technology vendors, new and innovative technologies are not entering the market as rapidly as is needed. This is the result of major flaws in the US regulatory program, the Superfund, for dealing with the issue. Using neoclassical economic theories of technological change, the two primary obstacles to remediation technology research are identified: appropriability and market uncertainty. The conclusions reached offer valuable lessons for US policy-makers in revamping the present system. These lessons can also be applied to policy-makers in other countries as an example of how government intervention in the market can be not only inefficient, but also a hindrance for technological development.     

A multiobjective modeling approach to locating incinerators

The location of hazardous material incineration facilities is an important problem due to the environmental, social, and economic impacts that they impose. The costs associated with the facilities and the risks placed on nearby populations are important concerns as are the distributions of these costs and risks. This paper introduces a mixed-integer, multiobjective programming approach to identify the locations and capacities of such facilities. The approach incorporates a Gaussian dispersion model and a multiobjective optimization model in a GIS-based interactive decision support system that planners can access via the Internet. The proposed approach is demonstrated via a case study in central Portugal where the national government has decided to locate a large facility for the incineration of hazardous industrial waste. Due to intense local and national opposition, construction of the facility has been delayed. The system has been designed so that it can be used by decision makers with no special training in dispersion modeling, multiobjective programming, or GIS.     

Environmental laws in health care

Federal and state regulations regarding the management and disposal of medical waste are currently quite extensive and will only become more comprehensive in the future. The public's heightened awareness and concerns over infectious diseases and discoveries of medical waste on beaches in New Jersey, Alabama, and other states, as well as medical waste being found in open trash bins and at public landfills, has brought to the public's attention the need for governmental intervention into this growing area of concern. Because regulations originating from the local, state, and federal levels have the potential to significantly affect hospitals, it is important that a specific person or department within the organization have a clearly designated responsibility to stay informed and follow up on these regulations. The designated person or department must work closely with the hospital's attorney to make sure that he or she stays current on environmental laws and keeps the institution adequately advised of its legal responsibilities.     

新建传染病医院污水处理工程设计要点

医院污水排放直接影响周边环境,在设计新建传染病医院污水处理方案时应抓住一些要点进行。为此,本文做了一些设计方面的探讨。     

Learning strategic cooperative behavior in industrial symbiosis: A game‐theoretic approach integrated with agent‐based simulation

This paper investigates the negotiation phase of industrial symbiosis relationships, where companies exchanging wastes for inputs need to develop strategies on how to share the additional costs to operate the industrial symbiosis business. The business behavior is approached as a “coopetition” problem where companies need to cooperate to reduce waste discharge costs and traditional input purchase costs and dive into competition to pay a minimum share of additional costs (i.e., waste treatment, waste transportation, and transaction costs) of operating industrial symbiosis. A noncooperative game‐theoretical model for sharing the additional costs is proposed that highlights the two strategies that companies can adopt aimed at sharing costs: a fair strategy and an opportunistic strategy. Then, an agent‐based model is used to simulate the game iterated over time and investigate how the players can adapt their strategies according to their past experience. Simulation results show that players learn that playing the fair strategy is beneficial in the long period, despite in the short period they can gain more benefit by playing the opportunistic strategy. Findings of the paper are critically important to reduce the business and managerial barriers against the formation of industrial symbiosis networks and to stimulate innovative thinking of company managers to foster the development of the circular economy. The paper proposes theoretical, managerial, and policy implications, which are discussed in detail in a comparative manner between linear and circular economy.