从农民工角度对"民工荒"问题的市场均衡预期分析

一、农民工的市场均衡预期模型 劳动的供给来自于劳动者家庭部门,对应于特定的工资率,劳动者提供劳动的数量是由劳动者的选择行为决定的.这里,劳动力供给为农民工就业预期,其函数为Ls=(I,S).     

低工资徘徊、工业伤害与“民工荒”的综合思考

我国是一个劳动力供给远远大于劳动力需求的国家,近两年来,一些地方出现了严重的民工短缺现象,企业招工困难,其深刻的背景与农民工群体遭受的就业歧视、工资歧视与非体面劳动密切关联。     

我国拖欠农民工工资的原因及解决办法——以建筑业为例

农民工是我国改革开放和工业化、城镇化进程中涌现的一支新型劳动大军.近几年来,在我国的各行业特别是在建筑业领域里拖欠农民工工资的问题相当严重,农民工的合法权益受到严重侵犯.要解决拖欠农民工工资的问题,首先要在建筑业建立农民工工资保障体系,在开发商和建设单位申办开工手续时,向社会劳动保障部门交纳建筑造价金额1%～2%的工资保障金,不交保障金不允许施工;其次,由开发商或建设单位直接给农民工发放工资,减少中间环节;最后,建立农民工工资支付保障制度,严格规范用人单位工资支付行为,确保农民工工资按时足额发放给本人.     

基于动态视角的中国劳动力供给决策实证分析--以杭州出租车司机为例

生命周期劳动供给理论预测工人的劳动供给对短期工资波动有正向的反应，然而不少研究发现国外出租车司机劳动供给弹性是负的。国内出租车司机的情况如何呢？文章用杭州出租车GPS 行程数据分析了司机的内延性和外延性劳动供给。为解决由测量误差和同事效应产生的内生性问题，我们用司机当天遇到的长途载客次数作为其每小时工资的工具变量，进而探讨每小时工资对司机劳动供给时间的影响。我们发现，杭州出租车司机的内延性和外延性劳动供给工资弹性均显著为正，这说明政府增加司机每公里燃油补贴等政策的确能激励司机增加劳动供给。另外，这也说明放松出租车市场的价格管制能使司机更好地根据市场需求优化自己的工作决策。     

农民工工资的实际路径及其决定机制

刘易斯模型的工资路径是先平直后上折，但根据统计数据制成的农民工工资路径图则是上下波动的。形成这种路径的根本原因是农民收入的差异性。本文首先采用收入排序法生成中国农民工的供给曲线，然后在对比费景汉和拉尼斯的两集合与刘易斯三集合模型的基础上，提出中国农业内部产业升级与农村劳动力第四集合的概念，并由此形成四集合分析法。四集合分析法说明了农民工供给曲线的移动特征，进而解释了中国农民工工资路径的特别形态。     

影子工资、影子收入与农户劳动供给——基于四川沐川县、安徽金寨县的调查分析

贫困地区就业的典型特征是自我雇佣,很少从事有酬劳动。如何在没有工资的情况下估计劳动供给行为就成为一个难题。在这种情况下,通过影子工资和影子收入来观察农户及其成员的劳动供给行为,为我们研究农户劳动力配置提供了一个有效的分析工具。本文利用Translog和C—D生产函数对四川省沐川县、安徽金寨县农户在林业、种植业、畜牧业和非农业的影子工资率进行估算,并利用Heckman两阶段模型分析了影子工资率等因素对农户劳动供给的影响,结果表明该地区农户的影子工资与劳动时间之间是负向关系,闲暇对于男性和女性来说是劣质品,家庭劳动供给的联合决策特征非常明显,家庭劳动力存在主次之分,该结论对于说明家庭内劳动分工以及劳动力流动有一定的指导意义。     

云南农民工劳动保障权益现状及对策分析

云南省农民工劳动保障权益现状：农民工劳动保障权益政策措施逐步完善;劳动保障监察力度加大;积极探索建立权益保障长效机制;农民工工作得到各方面支持。存在的困难：农民工劳动合同签订率还比较低;农民工工资普遍较低,增长缓慢;劳动时间长,劳动条件差;农民工社会保险政策亟待完善;农民工就业稳定性差。维护农民工劳动保障权益的对策措施：切实加强组织领导;进一步完善农民工劳动保障政策法规体系;加快建立城乡统一的人力资源市场;依法规范农民工劳动管理;切实抓好农民工职业技能培训。     

劳动经济学视角下的“民工荒”现象

该文试图从劳动经济学的角度入手对我国“民工荒”现象进行探讨,利用劳动经济学的个人劳动力供给分析的基本模式,从微观层次找出影响个人劳动供给行为决策的因素,进而运用劳动力市场供求理论,结合我国的具体实际从宏观层次分析我国农民工劳动力市场供求状况的变化,以期找出影响农民工供给和需求的因素。最后,为保障农民工的基本权益和改善“民工荒”的现状,提出了相应的针对性的建议措施。     

关于解决农民工劳动权益保护问题的法律和政策的探讨

当前,拖欠农民工的工资以及各种侵害农民工合法劳动权益问题已经十分突出,成为社会稳定的重大隐患。如何依法维护农民工的合法劳动权益,是值得思考并研究的问题。本文在分析近年来我国城市农民工劳动就业基本情况的基础上,探讨了农民工就业过程中所存在的主要问题及其原因,并试图从法律角度研究农民工进城打工过程中遇到的各种劳动权益被侵害的问题,进而提出农民工的劳动权益保护的法律及政策方面的一些建议。     

关于供给侧改革下农民工工作的思考

在农民工劳动力供给呈短缺性趋势、劳动经济权益受保障程度偏低、新生代农民工占比高等背景下,供给侧结构性改革为农民工的就业、保障及培训工作带来了新的挑战.这就要求工会顺应形势发展,加大培训力度,做好农民工的维权工作.     

大力推进工资三方协商机制建设的重大意义

当前中国在工资三方协商机制建设上已经取得了一定的成效,但与经济社会发展的要求还有相当大的差距,这是导致工资率偏低、消费不足、贫富差距过大的根本原因。大力推进工资三方协商机制建设,对于中国解决收入差距过大问题、成功跨越“中等收入陷阱”、保持经济持续较快发展、实现国家治理体系和治理能力现代化、促进全面深化改革都具有十分重要的意义。     

The unequal distribution of unequal pay – An empirical analysis of the gender wage gap in Switzerland

In this paper we analyze the distribution of the gender wage gap. Using microdata for Switzerland we estimate conditional wage distribution functions and find that the total wage gap and its discrimination component are not constant over the range of wages. At low wages an overproportional part of the wage gap is due to discrimination. In a further analysis of specific individuals we examine the wage gap at different quantiles and propose a new measure to assess equal earnings opportunities. These additional results reveal that it is primarily low education that causes the large discrimination component at low wages. First version received: April 1999/Final version accepted: July 2000     

工资问题的研究新进展

本文分4个维度梳理了近年来国外学者对工资问题的新研究进展:一是工资上涨的产业竞争力后果;二是工资结构的演进趋势及绩效后果;三是工资的决定因素;四是工资压力的应对措施。在今天中国工资上涨的特殊背景下,梳理上述研究成果可以为相关政策的制定提供参考。     

效率工资理论的新发展：阿克洛夫的观点

阿克洛夫的效率工资理论,通过吸收社会学、人类学的研究成果,将人的劳动行为看成基于公平出发的社会习俗。根据这一习俗,企业支付的工资不少于工人预期的公平工资,而工人根据企业支付的工资决定自己的努力程度,从而决定自己的边际产出。对于追求利润最大化的企业来说,并非支付的工资越高越好,支付工人的工资应等于工人的边际产出。当公平工资高于市场出清工资时,非自愿失业问题出现,工人技术程度与其失业率负相关。二元劳动力市场的现实与人类内生的行为规范,使得非自愿失业问题的解决前景十分悲观。     

The dynamics of wage determination in Romania

This article examines wage developments in Romania over the last 20 years, discusses the evolving role of government wage policy and structural labour market changes, and analyses the dynamics of the wage determination process. It finds that government wage policy has had a significant demonstration effect on private sector wages, driven mainly by policy decisions over the past few years. The article also finds strong causality from private sector wages to wages in state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) and government. No causality was found for changes in government wages to wages in SOEs or from SOE wages to private sector wages.     

The Gender Wage Gap in Offered,Observed, and Reservation Wages for Spain

The literature on the gender wage gap and wage discrimination has exclusively analyzed observed wage differences, ignoring inactive or unemployed individuals. In order to obtain a more complete overview of gender wage differences, this paper analyzed inactive or unemployed individuals in terms of offered and reservation wages in Spain in the years 1994, 2000, and 2006. The results show that the observed wages give a more positive perspective of the gender wage gap than offered ones. Furthermore, the existence of an important gender wage gap for reservation wages has been noted, which is possibly because women take charge of household and family caregiving tasks to a greater degree than men. The results show that Spanish women had higher reservation wages and lower offered wages than men, which explains their lower participation in the labor market.     

Falling Wage Shares in Europe and the United States: How Important is Aggregation Bias?

This paper sheds light on the importance of aggregation bias in the analysis of wage shares developments over time and across countries. We focus on five European countries and the United States and show that the trend decline in the aggregate wage share observed in these countries over much of the 1980s and 1990s partly reflects changes in the sectoral composition of the economy. The application of a fixed-weight aggregation method changes the profile of the observed wage share in a significant way: in particular there is no longer sign of an overshooting of the wage share levels of the early-1970s. Error-correction wage equations based on the adjusted wage shares generally have a better regression fit and show long-run elasticities of real wages to unemployment that vary less across countries and are substantially lower than those obtained with observed shares.     

Equal Pay for Equal Work? Evidence from Sweden and a Comparison with Norway and the U.S.

Using a new data set covering most privately employed workers in Sweden, we compare gender wage differences to those previously reported for Norway and the U.S. The central finding is that the wage gap is small when comparing men and women working in the same type of occupation for the same employer. Segregation of men and women by occupation accounts for more of the gap in Sweden than in the other two countries. In all three countries, we find that segregation by occupation explains more than segregation by establishment, and that institutional changes over the past two decades aimed at improving the status of women had little effect on the gender wage gap.
JEL classification : J 16; J 71     

Minimum Wages and the Gender GAP in Pay: New Evidence from the United Kingdom and Ireland

Women are disproportionately in low‐paid work compared to men so, in the absence of rationing effects on their employment, they should benefit the most from minimum wage policies. This study examines the change in the gender wage gap around the introduction of minimum wages in Ireland and the United Kingdom (U.K.). Using survey data for the two countries, we develop a decomposition of the change in the gender differences in wage distributions around the date of introduction of minimum wages. We separate out “price” effects attributed to minimum wages from “employment composition” effects. A significant reduction of the gender gap at low wages is observed after the introduction of the minimum wage in Ireland, while there is hardly any change in the U.K. Counterfactual simulations show that the difference between countries may be attributed to gender differences in non‐compliance with the minimum wage legislation in the U.K.     

The wage effects of ethnicity in Estonia

Using the retrospective (1989-94) Estonian Labour Force Survey (ELFS), we attempt to examine potential wage discrimination based on ethnicity (Estonian and Russian). Using standard wage decomposition methodology, we look at male full-time workers in the years 1989 and 1994. There is no evidence of discrimination against either ethnic group in 1989. However, the available data provide substantial evidence of discrimination against ethnic Russians in 1994. The evidence also suggests that Estonian language ability does not significantly affect wages. Surprisingly, Estonian-born ethnic Russians appear to fare worse than immigrant ethnic Russians in terms of wages.
JEL classification: J71, P23.