FDI对中国制造业污染排放影响的经验分析

FDI主要流入制造业中相对清洁的部门,从直接效应来看,FDI流入并没引起制造业污染排放的增加,反而减少了制造业的污染排放.基于投入产出的计算结果,FDI对中国制造业污染排放的间接拉动效应存在行业差异性,且FDI的间接效应只引起制造业中二氧化硫排放的上升,而对工业废水和工业烟尘的排放影响不显著.制造业各行业的能源消耗和科技投入也是造成污染排放增加的重要原因.     

外商直接投资与三次产业增长——基于中国的经验研究

本文关注三次产业增长与我国FDI变动之间的关系。通过实证分析发现：我国FDI主要流向第一产业和第二产业,第三产业缺乏FDI;在FDI存在的经济环境中,金融开放度的提高对第一产业的增长产生负面作用;人力资本水平对FDI技术溢出效应的影响在三次产业问不同;实际有效汇率的提高通过抑制FDI的流入从而对三次产业经济增长产生负面效应。因此,适当增加第三产业FDI流入量,采取特殊政策扶持开放环境中的第一产业,控制实际有效汇率,是利用FDI拉动三次产业增长的有效途径。     

FDI、产业聚集是否有助于国际竞争力提升*——基于中国制造业PVAR模型的实证研究

本文运用联合国商品贸易数据库2004-2013年共十年数据,对我国27个制造业国际竞争力、外商直接投资程度、产业集聚度进行测算,并利用静态面板回归和动态向量自回归PVAR模型对三者之间的内在作用关系进行实证对比分析。结果发现：（1）中国整体制造业国际竞争力稳步提升,但具备较强国际竞争力的还主要集中在劳动密集型行业,而中高技术行业是中国参与全球竞争形成优势最有潜力的行业;（2）我国引入外商直接投资占比变化不大,但其总额提升速度迅猛;（3）我国制造业的平均产业集聚程度呈上升趋势,但其大小程度及变化趋势在不同行业之间有着明显差别;（4）静态面板回归结果表明,FDI渗入程度越高,产业集聚程度越大,越有利于制造业国际竞争力的提升,此外,FDI与产业集聚间存在交互效应继而正向影响国际竞争力的提升;（5）向量自回归（PVAR）模型也显示FDI、产业聚集、国际竞争力间存在长期稳定的相关关系。     

Foreign direct investment in R&D and domestic entrepreneurship in China’s manufacturing industries

This paper argues that internationalization of innovation and the related spillovers can also affect the likelihood of firm entry and exit into an industry. By making use of firm-level panel data from China over the period 2005 to 2007, this paper examines the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) in research and development (R&D) and the related linkages on entry and exit likelihoods of domestic firms in (i) transport equipment and (ii) electrical machinery and equipment manufacturing industries. In order to evaluate the region-of-origin effect, this paper also separately examines the impact of FDI in R&D originating from (i) all countries except Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan and (ii) Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. Furthermore, the impact of FDI in R&D on entry and exit of Chinese firms in the two industries is examined by splitting the data into large and small firms within the two industries. The results of the pooled probit regression reveal that FDI in R&D and the related spillovers can have a significant impact on the likelihood of entry and exit of domestic firms in transport equipment and electric machinery and equipment industries. The empirical analysis also suggests that the impact of changes in FDI in R&D and the related spillovers varies across firm size.     

Agglomeration Effects in Foreign Direct Investment and the Pollution Haven Hypothesis

Does environmental regulation impair international competitiveness of pollution-intensive industries to the extent that they relocate to countries with less stringent regulation, turning those countries into “pollution havens”? We test this hypothesis using panel data on outward foreign direct investment (FDI) flows of various industries in the German manufacturing sector and account for several econometric issues that have been ignored in previous studies. Most importantly, we demonstrate that externalities associated with FDI agglomeration can bias estimates away from finding a pollution haven effect if omitted from the analysis. We include the stock of inward FDI as a proxy for agglomeration and employ a GMM estimator to control for endogenous time-varying determinants of FDI flows. Furthermore, we propose a difference estimator based on the least polluting industry to break the possible correlation between environmental regulatory stringency and unobservable attributes of FDI recipients in the cross-section. When accounting for these issues we find robust evidence of a pollution haven effect for the chemical industry.     

Rights,governance, and foreign direct investment: an industry-level assessment

Theories of multinational enterprises emphasize that foreign direct investment (FDI) is undertaken in different industries for different reasons, yet studies of the effects of rights and governance on FDI generally rely on aggregate-level FDI data. This paper evaluates US FDI outflows to 15 industries (eight manufacturing, seven non-manufacturing) in 54 countries in a linear dynamic panel data gravity FDI model using a ‘system’ generalized method of moments estimator and several widely used rights and governance indexes. At the aggregate level, we estimate that stronger rights and governance have a positive effect on FDI, consistent with most prior studies. At the industry level, we estimate larger positive effects of rights and governance on FDI for service than manufacturing industries, particularly for the information and the finance and insurance industries.     

基于行业细分的我国制造业就业技能结构影响因素研究

技术进步对就业结构具有重要影响,其中技能偏态型技术进步对就业技能结构的影响尤为突出。本文选取2001—2010年间我国制造业29个细分行业的经济发展数据,分别考察了市场主导型FDI技术溢出、出口主导型FDI技术溢出、企业研发等因素对我国制造业就业技能结构的影响。研究结果表明,市场主导型FDI技术溢出仅对中低技术行业的就业技能结构具有负的影响,而出口主导型FDI带来的技术溢出对高技术行业和中低技术行业就业技能结构均有显著的正向作用。同时,企业规模的扩大和资本深化程度的增加将降低制造业高技术劳动力的占比,而企业自身研发投入的加强将明显提升制造业的就业技能结构。     

Competitive diffusion of personal computer shipments in Taiwan

In this work, we explore the innovative growth of personal computer (PC) shipments from Taiwan. Using a revised Lotka-Volterra model, we estimate marketing diffusion by considering competition between desktop computers (DTs) and notebook computers (NBs). The parameters in the Lotka-Volterra model are calibrated with realistic shipment data by using ordinary least square estimation. The time trajectories of DT and NB shipments are then obtained numerically. We analyze the dynamic process of competitive relationship between the shipments of DTs and NBs. Comparisons between the well-known Bass growth model and the revised Lotka-Volterra model are also drawn. In addition, we also make an equilibrium analysis to see the character of the corresponding equilibrium point. Our research shows that there exhibits a prey-predator relationship between DT and NB products from the viewpoint of ecology. In management implication, we show how the competing interplay among the three factors of natural growth, niche capacity and interaction drives the growth of products of DTs and NBs. We also find that there exists a stable equilibrium state showing the growth-decline-plateau type of product life cycle for both DT and NB products from Taiwan, and giving an interpretation of migrating their manufacturing operations to Mainland China.     

FDI对我国电子信息产品制造业国际竞争力影响研究

基于FDI对我国电子信息产品制造业生产要素、需求状况、相关产业状况和竞争状况产生影响的理论分析,获得八个解释变量;选取显示性比较优势为被解释变量;利用1998至2008各年统计数据,实证分析FDI对我国电子信息产品制造业国际竞争力的影响。结果表明：内资研发投入、内资的产业集中度、外资资本投入、国内对电子信息产品制造业需求量、我国半导体硅单晶生产额、外资企业销售量占产业销售总量这六个变量显著影响我国该行业国际竞争力,内资资本密集度和外资人力资本强度没有通过显著性检验。     

外商直接投资对中国环境污染影响的再考察——基于外资来源和行业差异视角

基于中国城市统计年鉴数据和中国工业企业数据库,采用GMM估计实证检验了外商直接投资(FDI)对于中国环境污染的影响效应。研究结果表明,FDI对于不同污染物的影响效应存在巨大差别,FDI提高了工业废水排放,降低了工业二氧化硫排放。进一步分析表明,造成这种现象的原因是港澳台投资和外国投资的质量和行业分布差异。港澳台投资具有负面的环境绩效,而外国投资对中国的环境污染状况具有改善作用。利用中国工业企业数据库,统计分析不同行业的外商资本金构成情况,发现不同来源的FDI在行业间的分布情况存在差异。FDI的质量和行业分布差异,导致FDI对不同污染物产生不同的环境效应。论文为学者们关于FDI对中国环境影响的争论提供了一个合理的解释,也对中国的引资政策和环境治理具有一定的参考价值。     

中美贸易中隐含的碳排放以及贸易环境效应——基于环境投入产出法的实证分析

中美贸易的巨额逆差带来的不仅仅是贸易问题,还包括一系列的环境问题。利用环境投入产出模型测算1997年-2009年中美贸易中所隐含的CO2排放量,得出如下结论:中美贸易中中国大部分行业污染贸易条件均大于1,且呈不断恶化趋势;出口规模越大、贸易竞争力越强的产业单位出口的CO2排放强度越小,中国出口美国的产品与污染品并无必然联系;美国对华FDI转移并未引起美国污染产业向中国转移,而全球FDI向华转移使得"污染天堂"理论在华成立;中国出口CO2排放速度低于其出口速度,单位出口的CO2排放强度呈下降趋势;改变中国污染顺差国的地位,中国需加强对美国污染品的进口,积极改变粗放型的生产方式,加快对价值链高端清洁产品的生产。     

FDI对我国产业结构升级影响的实证研究--基于面板随机系数模型的分析

改革开放以来,我国实施“以市场换技术”的外资战略,吸引外资以期换来国外的先进技术,促进产业结构升级。时至今日,此举是否真正换来了技术与产业结构的升级,值得我们细分研究。本文选取1999—2009年我国实际利用外资金额和行业增加值数据,通过采用面板随机系数模型分析了FDI对三次产业中各个细分行业的影响,从而得出FDI对我国产业结构升级的影响。研究得出如下结论：FDI对第一产业（即农林牧渔业）增加值有影响,但不够显著;FDI对第二产业中的制造业增加值的影响显著;FDI对第三产业内绝大多数行业增加值的影响显著。进而表明FDI的流入能有效推动产业结构升级和优化。     

制度特征、FDI对我国制造业技术效率的影响——基于行业数据的分析

本文以中国1999—2007年26个制造业行业的面板数据,利用随机前沿理论模型实证研究了我国制造业的技术效率,针对制度特征、外商直接投资因素分析了它们对制造业技术效率的影响。结论表明:我国制造业的技术效率逐年提高,FDI对我国的制造业整体上存在正的溢出效应,而国有程度高低则对技术效率有负的影响。本文研究结果的重要政策含义是:中国制造业若要继续保持较好的增长,必须加强经济安全意识,并采取强有力的措施提高技术效率。     

FDI对我国产业结构升级影响的实证研究——基于面板随机系数模型的分析

改革开放以来,我国实施"以市场换技术"的外资战略,吸引外资以期换来国外的先进技术,促进产业结构升级。时至今日,此举是否真正换来了技术与产业结构的升级,值得我们细分研究。本文选取1999-2009年我国实际利用外资金额和行业增加值数据,通过采用面板随机系数模型分析了FDI对三次产业中各个细分行业的影响,从而得出FDI对我国产业结构升级的影响。研究得出如下结论:FDI对第一产业(即农林牧渔业)增加值有影响,但不够显著;FDI对第二产业中的制造业增加值的影响显著;FDI对第三产业内绝大多数行业增加值的影响显著。进而表明FDI的流入能有效推动产业结构升级和优化。     

Predicting the competitive relationships of industrial production between Taiwan and China using Lotka–Volterra model

This work is the first to apply Lotka–Volterra model combined with genetic algorithm (GA) to predict the production relationships of high-tech industry among different areas. Previous studies analysed the trade interdependency among various countries, but few studies have highlighted the quantitative evidence of production relationships. Thus, this study utilizes motherboard shipment volumes to predict the competitive relationships of industrial production on both sides of the Taiwan Strait. Specifically, this work uses simultaneous non-linear least square regression in combination with GAs for numerical parameter optimization of the proposed Lotka–Volterra model. The results of parameter estimation reveal that shipment growth in China substantially promotes that in Taiwan, whereas the shipment growth in Taiwan curtails that in China. The standard deviation of the estimated parameters from the 3000 iterated simulations is small, confirming the reliability and stability of our parameter estimations. According to equilibrium analysis, the results of Lyapunov function prove that the shipments of China and Taiwan will reach a stable long-term equilibrium. The potential production from China will ultimately be nearly 16 times as large as that from Taiwan. Finally, the analytical results of forecast accuracy confirm that Lotka–Volterra model performs better than conventional S-curve diffusion model in predicting motherboard shipments.     

区域对外贸易与制造业产业结构间关系的实证研究——基于省级制造业行业动态面板数据

利用2000—2010年我国省级制造业行业动态面板数据,运用系统广义矩估计方法,实证研究了我国东、中和西部地区的出口和进口对制造业产业结构的影响。研究结果显示:东部地区的出口与资源密集型行业和劳动密集型行业的"行业产值与制造业总产值的比值"存在负相关关系,与资本密集型行业和资本技术密集型行业的"行业产值与制造业总产值的比值"存在正相关关系;东部地区的出口促进了制造业产业结构的升级,中、西部地区的情况与之相反;三大区域的进口均促进了制造业产业结构的升级;促进三大区域制造业产业结构升级的主要因素是国内投资和技术进步;东部地区的FDI、居民收入水平和金融发展水平促进了其制造业产业结构的升级,而中、西部地区的FDI没有促进其制造业产业结构的升级,中、西部地区的居民收入水平和金融发展水平对制造业产业结构升级的促进效果不明显。     

Foreign direct investment and vertical integration of production by Japanese multinationals in Thailand

We test the vertical model of foreign direct investment (FDI) empirically using firm level information on Japanese multinational activity in Thailand. These data allow us to investigate the effects of both home country (Japan) and host country (Thailand) characteristics on the inter-industry pattern of FDI. For 85 manufacturing industries over the period from 1985 to 1995, we find a positive influence of industry variation in skill intensity and market size in the host country and a negative effect of transport costs on the amount of FDI. These results provide strong direct econometric evidence of vertical integration of production across the countries. Journal of Comparative Economics 32 (4) (2004) 805–821.     

产业集聚对技术创新的非线性影响

从行业异质性的视角入手,将中国制造业的28个细分行业分为4类——劳动密集型、资本密集型、技术密集型和资源密集型,在控制了研发费用投入、外商直接投资、制度因素和行业规模等后,采用非线性门限模型考察了不同类型制造业行业的产业集聚对本产业技术创新的影响。研究表明:产业集聚对产业技术创新的影响并非单调递增(递减),该影响在不同行业、不同集聚区存在明显的差异性,即随着产业集聚度的不断提高,产业集聚对技术创新产生先正后负的影响。政府在制定产业政策时,切忌走入盲目集聚或降低集聚度的误区,应针对不同行业的要素特征和发展阶段,采取差异化的集聚政策。     

Labor Training and Foreign Direct Investment

Evidence shows that most foreign direct investment (FDI) flows from developed to developed countries (North–North) in skilled labor‐intensive industries. This paper builds a model that incorporates labor training into the proximity–concentration tradeoffs to analyze the entry mode of multinationals to a foreign country. Production requires both skilled labor and unskilled labor.. A multinational pursuing FDI needs to provide training to some workers in the host country to equip them with skills that are specific to the production of the firm. Labor training and skill specificity lead to contract friction. It is shown that in skilled labor‐intensive industries, FDI increases along with the economic development level of the host country, whereas in unskilled labor‐intensive industries, the reverse is true. This paper provides a theoretical explanation for the empirical findings on the prevalence of North–North FDI in skilled labor‐industries and North–South FDI in unskilled labor‐intensive industries.     

外商直接投资对中国产业的二重性影响——以电子及通信设备制造业为例

基于对马克思主义经济学的解读，本文从理论和实证两方面分析了外商直接投资对中国工业的二重影响。理论分析指出，作为资本国际流动重要形式的外商直接投资具有生产力和生产关系的二重属性，其二重属性将对东道国产业发展产生二重性影响。本文以中国电子及通讯设备产业为例进行了相关实证研究，结果显示，从生产力属性方面考察，外商直接投资对中国电子及通信设备制造业的产业竞争力具有积极的促进作用；但从生产关系属性方面考察，外商直接投资对中国电子及通信设备制造业的产业控制及其引致的产业安全隐患也非常显著。基于该结论，本文进一步提出了合理利用外商直接投资的政策建议。