Towards an integrated framework for analysing sustainable innovation policy

An integrated framework for the analysis of sustainable innovation policy was developed, based on a combination of the transition management (TM) framework, the strategic niche management approach, and policy recommendations, resulting from technological innovation system (TIS) studies. In the framework, the multi-level view from TM has been integrated with the functions approach from the TIS literature. The integrated policy framework shows that specific policy goals and measures can be found at the specific points of intervention related to (the interfaces between) landscape, regime, TIS and niches. The integrated framework suggests that stimulation of a TIS only makes sense when this action is well aligned with landscape and regime developments. The framework should be used in empirical studies for further testing and refinement.     

公共采购塑造创新的方式、机制及障碍:文献综述与展望

作为创新政策需求方复兴的核心工具之一,公共创新采购（PPI）具有改善公共服务效能和促进技术创新的双重功能。通过梳理国内外文献,从方式、机制及障碍等方面对公共创新采购研究进展进行评述。从原理看,以公共采购者、创新提供者和中介为主要参与者的公共创新采购,其本质是一个由采购过程和创新过程耦合而成的系统且包含3种机制,即交易实现机制、创新生成机制和创新扩散机制;从实践看,框架条件、组织能力、需求识别和传递、风险管理是影响公共创新采购政策效果的主要障碍。最后,总结公共创新采购研究理论框架,提出未来研究方向。     

What hinders innovation performance of services and manufacturing firms in Mexico?

Barriers to innovation are heterogeneous, of financial and non-financial nature. The importance of barriers to innovation and their actual influence on innovation depend on firms’ characteristics such as sectoral affiliation, technological behavior and their response to perceived obstacles to innovation. Firms either continue to engage in innovation, or they avoid the activity altogether. This paper explored the nature and perceived importance of the obstacles to innovation that firms confront, in a developing-country context; we build on survey data about firms in Mexico. Our findings suggest that two kinds of policy interventions should help offset a firm’s perception of barriers to innovation. On the one hand, policies should enhance the innovation capacity of firms interested in innovation; on the other hand, policies need to tackle factors that reduce the interest of firms in innovation. Policies that boost demand for locally generated innovations would assist in achieving both these goals.     

区域双创政策对科技创新创业活动的影响机理

区域双创政策对科技创新创业活动具有显著推动作用。依据科技创新创业活动影响因素,将区域双创政策分为供给推动型政策、环境影响型政策和需求牵引型政策,并分析了3类政策对企业、高校和科研院所科技创新创业活动的作用过程;构建了区域双创政策对科技创新创业活动影响的系统动力学模型,以黑龙江省实际数据为例,对3类双创政策影响因素进行仿真,进一步对区域双创政策实施展开分析。研究结果可为其它地区双创政策实施与制定提供参考。     

Models in evolutionary economics and environmental policy: Towards an evolutionary environmental economics

In this paper we review evolutionary economic modelling in relation to environmental policy. We discuss three areas in which evolutionary economic models have a particularly high added value for environmental policy-making: the double externality problem, technological transitions and consumer demand. We explore the possibilities to apply evolutionary economic models in environmental policy assessment, including the opportunities for making policy-making endogenous to environmental innovation. We end with a critical discussion of the challenges that remain.     

东北地区高技术产业技术体制研究

本文首先建立技术体制的框架模型,对影响和决定产业技术体制的四个主要因素：市场容量、创新独占性、技术内化性、社会动力进行分析。这些因素影响和决定着产业技术体制的结构和特点,而技术体制的结构和特点将影响到产业的产品结构、技术结构、生产结构、创新结构和竞争结构,进而影响到产业创新能力的提升和核心竞争力的构筑;其次,根据概念模型中对市场容量、创新独占性、技术内化性、社会动力的界定构建技术体制评价指标体系;再次,以电子及通信设备制造业为例,对东北地区高技术产业技术体制的发展规律进行探索,并对存在的问题进行深入分析,力求为东北地区高技术产业技术体制的建设提供理论参考。     

Regulation and innovation: Examining outcomes in Chinese pollution control policy areas

In this paper, we examine how two regionally implemented environmental initiatives in China have impacted the innovation ability of Chinese-listed firms. The regional implementation of these policies, with non-policy regions serving as controls, offers researchers the perfect conditions for a natural experiment. Using research and development (R&D) expenditures and patents as a proxy for innovativeness, we compare the record of innovation of firms inside the policy zones with firms outside the policy zones. We use a Difference-In-Difference-In-Differences (DIDID) method to eliminate endogeneity and take the quality of the patents into account by incorporating sub-items. Results show only one of the regulations had a positive effect and that low quality patents account for most of the innovation. We conclude that reasonably designed environmental regulations, when implemented regionally in competitive industries, do improve Chinese firms' innovation ability in line with the Porter Hypothesis. The results help us derive some useful policy implications regarding innovation.     

Managing technological and social uncertainties of innovation: The evolution of Brazilian energy and agriculture

This paper explores how technological, commercial and social uncertainties shaped the development of Brazilian biofuels. Technological innovation allowed the country to emerge as a global leader, but Brazil continues to struggle with major social uncertainties due to poverty and environmental concerns common in many emerging economies. Contemporary approaches to development within the innovation literature focus primarily on overcoming technological and commercial uncertainties, but only peripherally explore social uncertainties. To fill this void, we draw on Martin and Hall's framework for managing innovative uncertainties, which is based on Kuhn and Popper's approaches to the evolution and methodology of science, and extend it with Aldrich and Fiol's concept of cognitive versus socio-political legitimacy. Based on qualitative data collected in Brazil, we outline the evolution of automotive fuel ethanol and flex-fuel technology, the development of Brazilian soybean production, and castor for socially inclusive biodiesel production. We show how innovation solved some technological and commercial uncertainties and generated new opportunities, but also created additional social uncertainties that are now being addressed. Through this process, Brazil has acquired capabilities in alternative energy technologies and more sustainable agriculture, becoming an exemplar for other emerging economies. We conclude with implications for policy and industry.     

环境规制工具对环境友好型技术创新的区域性影响——以氢燃料电池技术为例

为了明确不同类型环境规制工具是否以及如何影响环境友好型技术创新，从而为环境规制政策制定提供有力依据，以氢燃料电池技术为例，基于中国2004—2017年省际面板数据，采用Sys GMM法进行实证检验，在此基础上，利用SPSS软件进一步将全国样本分为环境友好型技术创新高水平地区、中等水平地区以及低水平地区，检验环境规制工具影响环境友好型技术创新的区域性差异。结果显示，3种环境规制工具对环境友好型技术创新呈现出显著正向影响，且在环境友好型技术创新高水平地区，市场激励型和公众参与型环境规制工具的正向促进效应显著，但命令控制型环境规制工具并未对环境友好型技术创新形成有效激励；在环境友好型技术创新中等水平地区，市场激励型环境规制工具对环境友好型技术创新的负向影响显著，其余两种规制工具的激励效应不显著；在环境友好型技术创新低水平地区，仅有命令控制型环境规制工具显著影响环境友好型技术创新且表现为负向作用。     

区域科技创新政策响应机理分析与仿真研究——基于中关村国家自助创新示范区数据

基于复杂适应系统视角,总结响应主体的行为机制,根据响应环境复杂性分析和响应主体关系模型,构建区域科技创新政策响应机理概念模型,创新性地构建“政策激励-企业需求”匹配模式,演绎区域科技创新政策响应复杂系统的行为规则。基于Swarm平台并采用动态仿真方法,通过调节变量参数,首次从政策响应阶段、不同类型企业对科技创新政策响应、不同级别科技创新政策响应、不同政策工具响应4个维度设计政策响应动态演变过程,揭示了区域科技创新政策内在响应机理。研究表明：区域科技创新政策响应遵从观望、偏好决策、学习模仿、响应行为驱动和生产转化激励的五阶段演变特征;不同政府层级的科技创新政策响应程度不同,政策级别越高则响应度越高,反之则响应度越低,响应度排序为国家级政策>省市级政策>高新区政策;不同类型的企业对科技创新政策响应程度排序为中型企业>大型企业>小型企业;企业对不同类型政策工具的响应程度排序为：研发补贴＞人才激励＞税收优惠＞政府采购＞服务外包。     

创新政策对我国制造业转型升级的影响——基于政策组合的政策文本研究

创新政策是推动我国制造业转型升级的重要驱动力，在对创新体系和政策组合理论回顾的基础上，使用政策文本量化分析和质性文本分析法，对我国制造业创新政策动态变迁及其对相关创新活动的影响进行研究。结果表明：我国制造业创新政策主体集中度较高、政策主体分布较为广泛、政策发布数量波动较大；环境面政策组合使用最为频繁、需求面政策组合使用最少、总体上对政策组合的使用呈现出“先扬后抑”的倒U型形态；制造业创新体系中4类创新活动强度差异较大；不同政策组合对创新活动的影响差异较大。最后，针对如何利用创新政策推动我国制造业创新变革提出相关对策建议。     

基于创新过程的科技创新政策体系研究

针对科技创新政策体系构建存在的理论基础薄弱、涵盖面不全等问题,从科技创新的主要特点及科技创新过程中存在的问题出发,基于政府作用角度构建了科技创新政策体系框架,并对比分析了中美两国近期实施的供给面、需求面和环境面科技创新政策,提出了若干对策建议。     

Analyzing the innovation process for environmental performance improvement

This paper elaborates the concept of demand articulation in product innovation to analyze innovation for environmental improvement. A conceptual framework has been developed that allows analysis of social demand articulation, the process that stimulates firms toward environmental innovation. Knowledge and information flows that raise the technological capability and awareness level of firms and consumers for environmental improvement are discerned. Their indicators have been developed based on the number of research papers and newspaper articles on environmental issues, respectively. Statistically significant results have been obtained on the role of knowledge and information flows on environmental innovations. Use of the framework on case studies revealed knowledge and information flows on local air quality and global warming led to the development of high-efficiency, low-emission automobiles. In conclusion, social demand articulation is an effective process by which knowledge and information flows mobilize the requisites needed for a successful environmental innovation.     

Industry dynamics, technological regimes and the role of demand

In this paper, we propose an industrial dynamics model to analyze the interactions between the price-performance sensitivity of demand, the sources of innovation in a sector, and certain features of the corresponding pattern of industrial transformation. More precisely, we study market concentration in different technological regimes and demand conditions. The computational analysis of our model shows that market demand plays a key role in industrial dynamics. Thus, although for intermediate values of the price-performance sensitivity, our results show the well-known relationships in the literature between technological regimes and industry transformation, we find surprising outcomes when demand is strongly biased either towards price or performance. Hence, for different technological regimes, a high performance sensitivity of demand tends to concentrate the market. On the other hand, under conditions of high price sensitivity, the industry generally tends to atomize. That is to say, for extreme values of the price-performance sensitivity of demand, we find concentrated or atomized market structures no matter the technological regime we are in. These results highlight the importance of considering the role of demand in the analysis of industrial dynamics.     

Absorptive capacity of demand in sports innovation

We propose a stylized and tractable neo-Schumpeterian model of sectorial transformations in which demand-side knowledge constraints inhibit innovation diffusion and industrial change, causing structural instability. Evolutionary competition in the model implies that innovation can overshoot the absorptive capacity of demand, leading to a slowdown in sectorial dynamism and even to structural collapse. Closed-form analytical results prove the existence of a unique stationary state in the dynamic model that is (globally) asymptotically stable. We show how the dynamic paths and the stationary rest-point depend on the trade-off between innovation and demand absorptive capacity parameters. To illustrate the plausibility and relevance of our results, we examine the Australian windsurfing industry in which diminished demand absorptive capacity (in the terms of the model) was a factor underlying sectoral collapse. We discuss how development of absorptive capacity of demand presents a collective action problem for an industry sector, and the role of demand-side factors as constraints in industry and innovation policy.     

Pursuing a biotechnology system of innovation in Lithuania: a conceptual framework for effective policy intervention

The focus of this paper is on Lithuania, whose government released an ambitious innovation strategy to become an innovative services hub for Northern Europe by 2015, and an innovation hub by 2020. Biotechnology has been identified as a strategic sector, and whether Lithuania will be able to achieve its ambition of a fully functioning biotechnology sectoral system of innovation will be explored. With the Lithuanian government declaring that they will intervene to achieve their innovation goals, this paper argues that sound policy intervention is possible and can be done in a way that avoids the limitations of past systemic approaches. The policy approach presented is based on a modified extended industry life cycle, and the movement of system structures through three phases – background, pre-emergence and emergence – and explains how each phase lays the groundwork for transition to the next phase.     

Sharing a common resource in a sustainable development context: The case of a wood innovation system

This case study of the Aquitaine wood filière emphasizes the need to integrate a stronger consideration of natural resources in the analysis of innovation systems. The analysis focuses on eight eco-innovation projects representing the Aquitaine wood filière, and carried out under the aegis of the Industries and Maritime Pine of the Future ‘competitiveness cluster.’ We show that dependence on the wood natural resource can configure the limits, objectives and expected performance of such innovation systems. While previous approaches have considered similar innovation systems from territorial, sectoral or technological perspectives, we argue that centering the analysis on this natural resource better enables consideration of the technological and environmental tensions and risks that are likely to destabilize the system.     

环境规制约束下FDI对中国科技创新与经济高质量发展的影响——基于中介效应与门槛效应的机制检验

基于2003—2019年中国内地30个省份面板数据，运用中介效应、门槛效应模型实证检验FDI对我国技术创新与经济高质量发展的影响，并进行机制分析。研究发现：第一，在环境规制约束下，FDI技术溢出效应显著，FDI能够促进我国经济高质发展，现阶段环境规制具有“创新补偿”效应；FDI与环境规制的交互项能够显著促进经济高质量发展，环境规制对FDI发挥一定的正向筛选作用。第二，在考虑内生性后，FDI、环境规制及其交互项对经济高质量发展影响的核心结论依然成立，并且存在区域异质性。第三，两种中介效应检验结果显示，FDI通过技术创新机制作用于我国经济高质量发展。第四，整体而言，FDI通过技术创新水平这一中介路径对经济高质量发展产生负向影响，与理论预期不符。     

Localized technological change and factor markets: constraints and inducements to innovation

The recent advances in the economics of innovation and the analysis of how composition effects influence the introduction of technological change in a global economy, characterized by the variety of production functions in use and different local factor markets, provide new strength to the induced innovation approach. Developing the localized technological change approach, it is argued that because there are irreversibilities, limited knowledge and local learning, the introduction of new technologies is induced by the disequilibrium conditions brought about in each system by all changes in relative factor prices. The direction of technological change in terms of its specific form of bias and how it is introduced and adopted, however, reflects the specific conditions of local factor markets. Well-defined long-term technological paths emerge in each region and they depend on the selection process in product markets. The more rigid and idiosyncratic, the endowment of production factors and the system of relative prices are, the more specific the technological path of each region is likely to be. The divide between the microeconomic and the macroeconomic models of induced technological change is reconciled.