失信联合惩戒规范化问题研究

随着失信联合惩戒在更大范围和更广领域的推广,个别地方在实践中出现了过罚不相当、惩戒措施泛化、"黑名单"管理失当等现象,需要引起高度关注。鉴于我国目前实施的部分行政性信用联合惩戒措施已属于行政处罚范围,应纳入法治规范。借鉴国外失信联合惩戒的主要做法,建议从以下三方面完善我国的失信联合惩戒机制:一是加快公共信用联合惩戒立法;二是实行联合惩戒目录清单制管理,使联合惩戒措施显性化、公开化、可预期;三是加快建立市场信用联合惩戒机制,形成市场信用联合惩戒机制和公共信用联合惩戒机制互通互动、协调发展的联合惩戒新格局。     

个人所得税纳税信用管理机制之合法性检视与优化——基于对《860号公告》的解读

从社会信用体系加强法律实施、抑制法律理性下的机会主义等二层逻辑内涵来看,将个人所得税纳税信用管理纳入社会信用体系建设为市场经济应有之义。但在该纳税信用管理机制中,对严重失信纳税人予以资格剥夺或限制以及自由限制(限制高消费)等失信联合惩戒措施均存在严重的合法性危机。我们不能期望通过社会信用体系的建设构建一个“完人社会”,“一处失信,处处受限”本身蕴含“惩戒无边”的意味,已然将失信联合惩戒推入违法行政边缘。社会信用体系的建设应在法律框架下进行,具体到个人所得税纳税信用管理机制中,可从行政法规层面立法,弥补失信联合惩戒法律供给不足,构建失信联合认定机制,守住法律底线。     

涉金融失信联合惩戒机制的功能锚定与路径完善

涉金融失信联合惩戒机制是构建社会信用体系的重要抓手,对降低金融市场风险具有重要作用。但实践中,涉金融失信联合惩戒机制却出现了“一处失信,处处受限”的极端化困境,造成其边际威慑效应丧失,规制效果外溢。对此,应当锚定联合惩戒机制的三维面向功能：风险监测、一般预防和特殊预防。针对横向与纵向脱靶现象,立体化完善联合惩戒机制的践行路径,包括以失信原因选择惩戒种类、以失信性质选择联合惩戒范围、以失信程度选择惩戒梯度、以失信整体状况建构救济程序。如此,才能推动联合惩戒机制功能的精准落靶,规范机制的法治化运行,促进市场经济健康稳定发展。     

关于进一步完善失信联合惩戒机制的思考——基于失信联合惩戒成效的社会调查

通过问卷调查、访谈等方法收集数据,获取社会公众对失信联合惩戒的感受和看法.结果表明,部分民众尚未明晰社会信用体系和失信联合惩戒机制之间的内在关联;在失信联合惩戒的认知程度上呈现年龄差异、学历差异、地域差异.针对失信联合惩戒工作中存在的不足以及"惩戒泛化"等社会焦点问题,提出完善信用法律法规、发挥政府主导作用、应用现代征...     

行政性失信惩戒程序规制的困境与纾解

行政性失信惩戒制度是社会信用法治体系建设中的重要内容,是实现社会信用体系目标和功能的关键手段。目前,行政性失信惩戒程序性法律供给不足,暴露出“一般失信行为”程序性规定缺失、失信相对人的程序性权利规定混乱及救济渠道不畅等问题。对行政性失信惩戒行为进行程序规制具有限制行政权力、保障失信相对人合法权利的价值内涵。在制度完善上,需要将“一般失信行为”纳入程序规制的范畴,赋予失信相对人知情权、行政抗辩权和获得听证权等程序性权利,拓宽失信相对人行政复议、行政诉讼的救济渠道,赋予失信相对人申请监督权等。     

失信惩戒机制的建设思路探讨

文章首先分析了失信惩戒机制具有惩罚、震慑、教育等功能作用,论证了行政机关、行业组织、市场主体、司法机关等不同主体有不同的失信惩戒机制,如行政惩戒、行业约束、市场惩戒、司法惩戒和道德惩戒等方式.之后提出了建设失信惩戒机制的基本思路:以公共信用信息平台建设为基础,以完善失信惩戒法律法规制度为保障,以建设商业征信系统和培育发展信用评级市场为主要手段,以行业内部自律惩戒为补充,打造覆盖全社会的"一处失信、处处受限"的信用惩戒体系.最后提出在建设失信惩戒机制时,要注意区分政府与市场的作用,注意保护信用主体合法权益,注意防范法律风险等问题.     

论公共和市场两种不同类型的失信惩戒机制及其互补关系

失信惩戒机制是社会信用体系的核心构件之一,完整的失信惩戒机制由公共型失信惩戒机制和市场型失信惩戒机制共同组成.公共型失信惩戒机制使用公权力,可用作政府治理社会和市场信用监管的工具,主要在信控的事后处理区段对严重失信违规的市场主体实施行政处罚,其惩戒力度和震慑力非常强.它虽然只作用于国内,却能覆盖市场和社会领域.市场型失...     

大数据时代我国社会信用体系建设研究北大核心

我国社会信用体系存在信用立法滞后、缺少覆盖全社会的征信机制、社会信用评级机制不完善、信用监管机制不完善、个人信息安全保护机制不完善、理论研究不足的问题。大数据征信促进社会信用资源的共享,应建立个人、企业、其他社会组织和国家机关的统一社会信用码,通过构建以大数据征信为基础的社会信用体系,促进全社会“守信激励”“失信惩戒”和“联合惩戒”的诚信建设长效机制,提升整个社会信用水平。     

转型期我国信用缺失的原因及对策

建立健全统一的社会信用法律制度和信用管理体系用以激励守信行为、惩戒失信行为,是建设信用社会的根本措施。     

外汇守信激励与失信惩戒机制研究

<正>外汇守信激励和失信惩戒机制是外汇信用体系建设的重要组成部分,它直接作用于涉汇主体信用行为,双向调节守信与失信行为结果,是建设优良外汇信用环境的重要基础。近年来,外汇局不断推进外汇信用体系建设,着力完善守信激励与失信惩戒机制,并探索与各行政部门的联合奖惩机制,努力营造“一处失信,处处受限”的社会信用环境。     

New legislative measures in South Africa aimed at combating over‐indebtedness—are the new proposals sufficient under the constitution and law in general?

The National Credit Bill codifies a number of fundamental rights of consumers in the credit market. It provides inter alia for a right to information to enable consumers to make informed choices and thereby contributes to one of the purposes of the proposed legislation, namely to provide mechanisms to combat over‐indebtedness. The main purpose of this research is to evaluate the proposed measures in the Bill aimed at combating over‐indebtedness and also to determine to which extent these measures comply with the general constitutional consumer protection demands. In order to achieve this, the relevant guidelines of the INSOL Consumer Debt Report and measures in other jurisdictions will also be considered. Since the South African Constitution does not directly obligate the state to enact specific credit laws and as the Bill seeks, in the spirit of the supreme law, to codify certain basic consumer rights, the new legislative initiatives are to be welcomed. It is, however, submitted that the Bill does not go far enough in achieving its particular aims and objectives and that more could be done to bring South African legislation in line with measures in other jurisdictions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

征信体系建设中的失信惩戒机制分析

当前,我国失信问题比较严重,其中重要的一个原因就是对失信者的惩戒机制还没有完全形成。本文对失信惩戒机制的基本内涵、功能以及构成要素进行了分析,并运用规范的经济学研究方法研究了失信惩戒机制运作的机理,最后对完善我国征信体系中的失信惩戒机制提出了一些建议和措施。     

失信风险传染会影响债券定价吗？——基于担保网络大数据的实证研究

在债券定价研究中不仅应该考虑企业自身的信用风险,还应该考虑相关网络组织的传染风险。本文基于43万笔非金融企业间的担保数据,构建了企业信用担保网络,发现失信风险作为一种广义的信用风险,在担保网络中具有传染效应,该传染效应能够影响债券的信用利差。企业的失信行为产生了三类传染效应,一是直接传染效应,无论是发债主体的担保人出现失信行为,还是被担保人出现失信行为,都会引起发债主体的信用利差上升;二是局部感染效应,如果局部担保网络中失信主体的占比提升,可能引起投资者对发债主体的“团体处罚”,导致信用利差上升;三是全局扩散效应,失信信息沿担保网络向整个市场扩散,导致债券信用利差上升。从企业所有制来看,民营企业主要受微观的直接传染效应和中观的局部感染效应影响;而国有企业主要受全局扩散效应影响;被担保人的失信风险对两类企业都有显著影响。失信风险传染效应会降低企业的再融资能力,其中局部感染效应导致企业次年的借款融资额下降,全局扩散效应导致企业次年的债券融资额下降。     

展望“十四五”:征信建设需要“征信法”

展望“十四五”时期,我国征信建设高质量发展需要“征信法”。制定能够促进平等准入、公正监管与公平竞争的“征信法”是时代所需。从当前征信体系发展现状、征信范畴与维度、构建新型征信监管、培育与促进社会互信等四个方面论述了“征信法”的必要性和紧迫性。制定“征信法”对于促进我国征信体系完善和从征信大国向征信强国迈进有重要意义。     

信贷资产转让的法律风险分析与防范

信贷资产转让对于我国构建信贷资产二级市场和资产证券化市场都具有重要的意义。在我国现行法律体系和监管制度下,信贷资产转让业务面临三大法律风险：债权转让风险、债权归属风险和担保权益转让风险。这三大风险严重影响信贷资产的流动性,需要通过立法加以解决。     

Trust and the provision of trade credit

State-controlled listed firms in China receive preferential treatment when borrowing from commercial banks; in contrast, private controlled firms rely on informal finance and on trade credit. We argue for and find evidence that private firms located in higher social trust regions use more trade credit from suppliers, extend more trade credit to customers, and collect receivables and pay payables more quickly. These findings are enhanced for firms located in provinces with weak protection of property rights. Our results are robust to different measures of social trust, legal environment, and endogeneity. Overall, our results show that social trust helps private firms overcome institutional difficulties in financing their activities.     

Whose rights? Professional discipline and the incorporation of a (human) rights framework: The case of ICAS

Professions typically develop disciplinary systems that allow them to caution, fine or expel members whose conduct falls below expected standards. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland (ICAS) has amended its disciplinary procedures following challenge under the UK's Human Rights Act 1998. This paper aims to explore the implications of the incorporation of a (human) rights’ framework on ICAS's professional discipline. Disciplinary procedures are located in the context of the nature of professions and professionalism. Human rights legislation relevant to professional discipline is examined and its impact in the context of the nature of rights in general, and human rights in particular, is explored. The ICAS disciplinary changes are discussed in the context of a Hohfeldian-type framework of a range of types of rights. ICAS's procedures are shown to be multifaceted and, when examined in terms of rights (and, where relevant, duties) provide added insight into the nature of accountancy's professional discipline, but deficiencies remain, with the public interest continuing to be subservient to the private interest of accountants and their professional body.     

廉租住房的退出机制研究——以青岛市为例

摘要：廉租住房退出机制是保障低收入群体住房权益的必要手段,是廉租住房制度建设的关键环节。基于社会流动和住房梯度消费的双重动力,青岛市已建立符合本市特色的梯度退出机制,但目前仍面临着诸如政府重视程度不够、收入监测机制缺乏、规章政策层级较低、激励配套制度欠缺等退出困境,致使有限的廉租住房资源未能充分得到有“进”有“退”地动态使用。本文针对青岛市廉租住房退出机制面临的政策性和操作性困境,从政策宣传、住房征信、动态管理、制度立法、配套激励等方面提出了构建进入——退出——进入的动态管理格局的改进思路。     

Religiosity and cross-country differences in trade credit use

Using the firm-level data over 1989–2012 from 53 countries, we find religiosity in a country is positively associated with trade credit use by local firms. Specifically, after controlling for firm- and country-level factors as well as industry and year effects, we show that trade credit use is higher in more religious countries. Moreover, both creditor rights and social trust in a country enhance the positive association between religiosity and trade credit use, while the quality of national-level disclosure mitigates the aforementioned positive association. These results are robust to alternative measures of religiosity, alternative sampling requirements and potential endogeneity concerns.