国企债券密集违约,市场建设任重道远

2020年,"逃废债"一词在时隔多年后再次成为经济金融领域热点,背后是以债券违约为代表的信用风险事件频发.自2014年发生信用债违约事件以来,我国债券违约走出了"规模化、常态化"趋势,特别是2018年以来,违约债券的规模及其占信用债存量比重同时呈现高位上涨态势.违约债券的主体也出现显著变化,国有企业信用债密集违约"接棒...     

我国信用债违约处置的主要问题及路径

自"超日债"违约以来,我国信用债违约处置机制建设不断完善,但仍有一些不足,如交易环节流转不畅、投资者保护力度不足和处置机制单一等问题较为突出,特别是违约信用债无法市场化流转,成为市场关注的重点。在此背景下,有必要深入分析目前我国信用债违约的处置情况,剖析当前信用债违约处置的问题。在信用债违约风险的化解中,应尽快强化制度约束,推出市场化流转机制,加强风险管控,以实现保护投资者和发行人的双重目的。     

短债长用、外部监督与信用债违约

近年来,企业债券市场快速发展的同时,信用债违约事件不断增多。本文利用2014~2020年的信用债券数据,采用离散时间风险模型等方法,系统考察了短债长用对企业信用债违约的影响。研究发现:短债长用显著提高了企业信用债的违约概率,在替换变量和估计方法,并考虑内生性问题后,结果依然稳健。进一步,考察外部监督的作用发现,企业上市、外部审计以及信用评级等外部监督机制,均可有效降低短债长用对信用债违约风险的影响,尤其是审计意见的作用最大。本文对防范企业信用债违约具有参考意义,并为化解信用债违约风险提供了思路。     

信用风险传染与企业盈余管理:基于信用债违约的视角

信用债违约事件不仅让投资者损失惨重,还可能通过信用风险传染对非违约企业的经营活动产生影响。本文发现,在市场出现信用债违约后,同城市的非违约民营企业会进行更多向上的真实盈余管理,不过类似的影响在同行业非违约企业中并不明显。机理分析显示,信用债违约事件导致当地企业融资约束增大是非违约企业进行盈余管理的重要动机,特别是偿付能力更弱或融资需求更大的非违约企业将进行更多的盈余管理;并且还发现,向上的盈余管理有效缓解了信用债违约对非违约企业融资的负面影响。进一步地,盈利可疑或者负面事件缠身的非违约企业会进行更多的盈余管理;此外,在金融发展水平较高、经济规模更大的地区,非违约企业受信用债违约的影响相对更小。     

我国信用债违约问题及对策研究

近年来,我国信用债违约事件不断出现,从利息违约到本金违约,从私募债违约到公募债违约,几乎涵盖了所有的信用债品种.违约事件频发背后,反映出我国信用债市场违约风险分担和市场化处置机制不完善、监管与信息披露机制不足、信用评级机构评级质量不高等问题.本文深入剖析了信用债违约背后所呈现出的共性特征,并对信用债违约风险防范方面存在...     

债权人保护与信用债信息披露探究 ——以永城煤电债券信息披露为例

2020年,我国信用债违约频繁发生,其中不仅有民营企业,还有国有企业.信用债违约给债券投资者造成了巨大损失,也导致我国债券市场的信用机制被破坏.本文在分析信用债债权人保护和信息披露理论的基础上,结合我国信用债监管和信息披露法规现状,对永城煤电信用债违约事件的信息披露进行了深入分析.研究发现,发债企业公司治理不完善,以及...     

基于集成算法的信用债违约预测模型及其影响因素研究

本文选取2014—2021年的信用债作为研究对象，以单一算法（逻辑回归、高斯朴素贝叶斯、支持向量机和伯努利朴素贝叶斯）分别构建Bagging和Stacking集成学习模型，并将其与单一算法以及传统方法（KMV模型）进行对比，探讨如何提高信用债违约预测精度，证明Bagging集成算法的可靠性，还通过SHAP可解释算法研究信用债违约中的重要指标。实证结果显示，四种单一机器学习模型在预测准确率上优于传统KMV模型；进一步对机器学习模型进行集成，发现同质集成算法在提高预测性能方面不如异质集成算法，且Bagging异质集成算法的预测准确率优于Stacking异质集成算法。将性能最好的Bagging异质集成算法与SHAP可解释算法结合，得到对识别信用债违约具有重要价值的9个指标，分别是违约前债项评级、违约前主体评级、交易所、净资产收益率、债券类型、企业性质、财务费用、总资产增长率以及第一大股东持股比例，关键指标的识别对信用债违约预测具有指导意义。     

公司信用债违约风险预警与防范研究

我国债券规模位居世界第二,债券市场已成为企业直接融资的主要渠道;同时我国公司信用债违约频发,违约主体几乎涵盖了全部行业,永煤AAA债券违约事件引发各方关注。在此背景下,本文研究了信用债违约风险预警与防范,搭建了债券违约预警模型:一是深入分析了违约原因,提出了"经济下行加剧‘债务-通缩’""流动性分层导致再融资困难""民企互保引发违约风险串联"的观点;二是基于KLR信号分析法,以历史违约主体财报数据为基础构建了上市公司债违约预警模型,抽离出相关指标权重构成预警指标体系,并进行了实证检验;三是基于预警模型,提出加强动态监测、构建债券风险分类管理办法等政策建议。     

债券违约对流动性影响的传染效应研究

2014年以来我国信用债市场违约事件频发,信用风险的积聚可能引发债券市场流动性恶化。本文以2014―2019年交易所和银行间市场信用债为研究对象,实证考察违约事件对债券流动性影响的传染效应。研究发现:违约事件在同一发行主体的债券之间具有流动性传染效应,当公司的某期债券出现违约时,公司其他未到期债券的流动性水平显著下降;违约事件对同行业其他公司债券的流动性具有传染效应,当行业中出现债券违约事件时,行业内其他公司的债券流动性显著降低;违约事件爆发越密集或者违约事件越严重,对债券流动性的负面影响越大,而且民营企业债受到的影响要大于国有企业债,低信用等级债受到的影响要大于高信用等级债;在市场密集爆发违约事件或出现较为严重的违约事件时期,宏观流动性增加能够改善债券流动性。     

信用债违约:潜在水平与时空分布

2018年债券市场风险案件频发,违约触发机制与以往有所不同,体现为由外部现金流收缩而非内部现金流恶化引发。从中债国债指数和经济数据的周期叠加看,流动性风险是当前信用债违约风险的集中表现。通过Fisher判别得出流动资产周转率、速动比率、总资产周转率、现金债务比和总资产报酬率等5个指标是影响信用债风险的核心指标,并由此筛选出当前信用债市场532家潜在风险企业。基于KMV模型对潜在风险企业违约距离及违约概率进行测算,存在3个高风险区间,进一步筛选出136家高风险企业。这些企业从行业看集中于制造业及批发零售业,从地域分布看集中于东部省份,从企业性质看集中于民企及地方国有企业,风险引爆时间集中于2018年四季度及2019年。     

民营企业债务违约是内因驱动吗？——基于短贷长投和多元化经营视角的分析

不同于以往从外部因素的角度关注民营企业债务问题,本文从企业自身行为出发分析了民企债务违约是否由内因驱动。具体地,本文考察了短贷长投和多元化经营对民营企业债务违约的影响。结果发现,总体上短贷长投以及多元化程度提高了民企债务违约的可能性。从传导机制上看,短贷长投和多元化降低了企业的盈利水平、提高了过度负债、增加了代理成本,并通过以上三个渠道提高了企业债务违约的可能性。从异质性结果来看,信贷紧缩会加大短贷长投对债务违约的促进作用。对于政府支持的行业而言,短贷长投和多元化引发的债务违约问题更严重。最后,更多的短贷长投和多元化在决策得当情况下不会引发债务违约风险。本文的结果表明,民营企业债务违约主要是由内因驱动,即由企业在“求大”“上层次”的心理下实施的粗放式发展模式驱动。本文对于追溯民企违约的根源、精准施策进而更好地支持民企发展具有一定的启示。     

From equity to default correlation with taxes

For fixed income investment, the preponderant risk is the clustering of defaults in the portfolio. Accurate prediction of such clustering depends on the knowledge of default correlation. We develop models with exogenous debt and endogenous debt to predict default correlations from equity correlations based on a self-consistent structural framework. We also examine how taxes affect the prediction of default correlations based on the two models. The empirical analysis shows that the corporate taxes tend to decrease default correlations, while personal taxes could increase or decrease default correlations. Our default correlation model with exogenous debt does a better job of predicting default correlations for high quality bonds, while the one with endogenous debt predicts more accurately for lower rated bonds. Our studies not only theoretically improve the modeling of default correlation in the structural setting but also shed new light on various aspects of default correlations and thereby help financial practitioners price credit derivatives more accurately and formulate more effective strategies to manage default risk of credit portfolios.     

Currency-Induced Credit Risk in a Dollarized Economy

We analyze the effects of exchange rate fluctuations on corporate credit default in a dollarized economy. The application, before an exogenous exchange rate shock, of a new regulation concerning currency-induced credit risk (CICR) in the Peruvian banking system created natural conditions for a comparison between exposed and unexposed corporate borrowers. We use firm-level data to find that CICR and debt dollarization have opposite effects on credit risk. While CICR increases default, debt dollarization reduces it. Our results suggest that banks transfer exchange risk as a hedging mechanism by lending to such borrowers in dollars only.     

商业信用、融资约束与公司价值

以我国 A 股非金融类上市公司为样本,就商业信用变动对公司价值的影响进行分析,并以投资效率损失作为融资约束程度分类标准,对融资约束程度不同公司的商业信用变动的边际价值进行对比分析。研究发现：商业信用有利于提高公司价值;融资约束公司的商业信用变动的边际价值小于非融资约束公司;对于融资约束类公司,商业信用变动的边际价值会随着商业信用存量的增加而增加;而对于非融资约束类公司,商业信用变动的边际价值会随着商业信用存量的增加而减小。     

政府债务增加降低了企业杠杆吗?

本文利用2010-2016年中国A股上市非金融企业的面板数据,实证检验了政府债务对企业杠杆的影响。结果表明,随着政府债务的扩张,企业杠杆率有所下降,同时相比于投资者投资组合对企业债券融资的挤出路径,政府部门对企业信贷融资的挤出路径影响更强。进一步研究发现,在不同地区和不同类型企业之间存在异质性,在股票市场发展较不完善的地区、对金融机构贷款依赖较高的地区和金融开放度较低的地区,挤出效应相对较强;在小规模企业、非国有企业和非从事公用事业的企业,挤出效应相对较强。在现阶段发展的背景下,地方政府应合理控制债务规模,在实现稳增长的同时减少对民营企业融资资金的挤占,重点关注国有企业的杠杆问题,发挥市场在资源配置中的作用。     

The Impact of the Federal Reserve's Large‐Scale Asset Purchase Programs on Corporate Credit Risk

Estimating the effect of Federal Reserve's announcements of Large‐Scale Asset Purchase (LSAP) programs on corporate credit risk is complicated by the simultaneity of policy decisions and movements in prices of risky financial assets, as well as by the fact that both interest rates of assets targeted by the programs and indicators of credit risk reacted to other common shocks during the recent financial crisis. This paper employs a heteroskedasticity‐based approach to estimate the structural coefficient measuring the sensitivity of market‐based indicators of corporate credit risk to declines in the benchmark market interest rates prompted by the LSAP announcements. The results indicate that the LSAP announcements led to a significant reduction in the cost of insuring against default risk—as measured by the CDX indexes—for both investment‐ and speculative‐grade corporate credits. While the unconventional policy measures employed by the Federal Reserve to stimulate the economy have substantially lowered the overall level of credit risk in the economy, the LSAP announcements appear to have had no measurable effect on credit risk in the financial intermediary sector.     

证券交易所一线监管与公司债务融资——基于财务报告问询函的证据

本文从债权人保护视角检验证券交易所一线监管对公司债务融资的影响.研究发现,上市公司收到财务报告问询函后新增银行借款和商业信用均减少,并且问询函所暴露出的问题越严重、公司信息环境或会计信息质量越差,新增银行借款和商业信用减少的幅度就越大.进一步研究发现,不同特征的财务报告问询函对债务融资的影响不同;财务报告问询函对公司债务融资的影响在民营企业和货币政策宽松的年度更明显.研究说明,证券交易所一线监管能够有效保护债权人的利益,维护资本市场的健康发展.     

The corporate choice between public debt,bank loans,traditional private debt placements,and 144A debt issues

The main purpose of this study is to examine the determinants of the corporate choice between different forms of debt financing. By analyzing the most comprehensive sample of US corporate debt issues to date, I find that firms that issue 144A debt have significantly lower credit quality and higher information asymmetry than firms that issue traditional non-bank private debt. Further, the study shows that traditional private placements, rather than bank loans, are the favorite private debt source for firms with good credit quality. I also show that the firm characteristics of traditional private debt issuers have significantly changed after 1990 through to 2003. My results suggest the following pecking order of debt choices which is conditional on credit quality. In other words, high credit quality firms prefer public bond offerings and small firms, with good credit quality, are more likely to issue traditional private debt. A large group of firms characterized by moderate credit quality make extensive use of bank loans and poor credit quality firms preferentially issue 144A debt.     

Like Father Like Sons? The Cost of Sovereign Defaults in Reduced Credit to the Private Sector

We investigate the impact of sovereign defaults on the ability of the corporate sector in emerging nations to finance itself abroad. We test the hypothesis that sovereign defaults have a negative spillover onto the private sector through credit rationing. We explore a novel data set covering the majority of corporates in emerging nations that received foreign capital between 1880 and 1913. Results confirm that credit rationing existed, was very large, and persisted long beyond the default settlement. The private sector paid a severe cost for their governments’ debt intolerance, with negative implications for their growth.