关于《慈善法》中信息公开规定的思考

慈善组织发展的根本在于社会公信力,然而近年来的慈善丑闻严重削弱了慈善组织的公信力。随着《慈善法》的出台,依法推进信息公开,提高慈善组织透明度,恢复慈善组织公信力,将成为推进我国慈善事业发展的重要工作。本文从加强政府监督、鼓励公众与媒体监督、推进行业自律机制和第三方评估机制的建设等方面提出了推进慈善组织信息公开的建议。     

“BBB明智捐款联盟”的评价标准体系

美国的慈善事业之所以成功,除了其拥有完善的法律法规体系外,独立于政府监督的第三方监督也起到了不可替代的作用,"BBB明智捐款联盟"就是众多第三方监督机构之一。本文对"BBB明智捐款联盟"进行了简要介绍,然后详细说明了联盟的慈善组织评价标准及应用指引,以及其评估报告的类型和内容,最后提出针对我国慈善评估机构建立与完善的启示。     

论非营利组织会计信息披露及其完善

中红会、中华慈善总会、青基会等近期陆续曝出的一系列事件,重挫了公益性非营利组织在民众心中的公信力。如何重拾公众对慈善界的信任,除了加强非营利组织的自律,还需要来自政府、公众和媒体的监督及独立第三方的评估。而完善非营利组织会计信息披露,为相关信息使用者及时提供决策有用的会计信息,则是提升非营利组织公信力的基本途径之一。本文通过分析非营利组织会计信息的供求关系,探讨了目前非营利组织会计信息披露的制约因素,并提出了完善非营利组织会计信息披露的政策建议。     

完善科技投入第三方评价的策略探讨

做好科技投入绩效评价,对于提高科技经费使用效率、实现科技资源优化配置都有着重要作用。为了保证科技评价公正、公平与公开,保证评价机构与人员的专业性与独立性,各国都不同程度地引入第三方评价机制。目前我国科技投入第三方绩效评价存在缺少独立稳定的专业化第三方评估队伍、政府干预过多导致第三方绩效评估工作缺乏独立性、社会评价中介机构的发展还很不平衡等问题。针对上述问题,本文提出了政府要加强制度建设、第三方评价中介机构通过加强评价活动的管理提高公信力和专业水平、政府在绩效评价工作中要积极培育专业评价机构等策略。     

基于第三方支付平台公信力的网络品牌建设

随着电子支付平台积极而踏实的深耕和拓展,中国的第三方支付行业最近几年在保持快速增长的同时,正在全面迅速的融入到人们生产生活的各个环节中。第三方支付平台是产生于网络环境并逐渐发展壮大的,在激烈的行业竞争中,首先就是要建立自己独特的网络品牌。本文从第三方支付平台公信力入手,然后分析了网络品牌与公信力的关系,由此得出网络品牌对公信力的重要性,最后提出建设第三方支付平台网络品牌的一些参考意见。     

基于第三方支付平台公信力的网络品牌建设

随着电子支付平台积极而踏实的深耕和拓展,中国的第三方支付行业最近几年在保持快速增长的同时,正在全面迅速的融入到人们生产生活的各个环节中。第三方支付平台是产生于网络环境并逐渐发展壮大的,在激烈的行业竞争中,首先就是要建立自己独特的网络品牌。本文从第三方支付平台公信力入手,然后分析了网络品牌与公信力的关系,由此得出网络品牌对公信力的重要性,最后提出建设第三方支付平台网络品牌的一些参考意见。     

慈善组织信息披露的博弈分析

信息的公开和透明是提升公益慈善组织公信力的重要保障。随着公益组织及其项目运作和管理的负面事件的曝光,公益慈善组织的公信力危机不可避免。文章运用博弈论理论说明慈善组织信息披露博弈的产生及结果,并对改善慈善组织信息披露提出若干措施。     

慈善组织信息披露研究

当前我国慈善组织正面临信任危机,如何让社会公众重拾对慈善组织的信心是一个亟待解决的问题,而信息披露是提升公信力的最佳选择。本文研究了慈善组织信息披露的动机和影响因素,并提出了解决慈善组织信息披露问题的可行性措施。     

慈善组织性质、治理特征与财务报表审计

当前我国慈善组织面临严重的信任危机,第三方审计是委托代理关系下解除受托责任的重要制度安排。本文首次对我国慈善组织接受财务报表审计的影响因素进行了检验。研究发现,进行财务报表审计的慈善组织在性质及治理特征方面与未接受审计的慈善组织存在显著差异,主要表现在:接受审计的慈善组织理事会会议次数更多,设立监事会的比例更高,注册在发达地区的、全国性的、接受政府补助的慈善组织更倾向进行报表审计。同时,非公募基金会比公募基金会更愿意进行报表审计,表明非公募基金会有更强烈的报告受托责任履行情况的动机。     

我国慈善组织财务问责的制约因素及对策研究

财务问责是慈善问责的关键和难点所在。对慈善组织进行财务问责是慈善组织回归正道、重塑形象和提升公信力的关键所在。制约慈善组织财务问责的因素包括法律缺失、所有者缺位、内部治理不完善、政府庇护等,笔者建议通过加快相关立法、提升问责能力、完善内部治理、实施协同治理、履行公共责任、改革管理体制等措施来改进慈善组织的财务问责。     

Effective legal bonding reduces adverse selection: Evidence from a positive shock to public monitoring and enforcement

Akerlof (1970) predicts that in a market with information asymmetry, third-party certification increases credibility, which in turn increases liquidity, valuation, and dispersion of valuation. Of these predictions, changes in valuation dispersion have been overlooked empirically in the securities setting. This paper uses the 2013 Sino-U.S. agreement on enforcement cooperation as an increase in credibility for U.S.-listed Chinese firms. I hypothesize and find that after the agreement, high- and low-quality U.S.-listed Chinese firms’ valuations disperse. U.S.-listed Chinese firms’ liquidity rises as well. The effects are more pronounced for firms with more rigorous listing processes, positive pre-event reputations, and transparent information environments. The evidence suggests that the expectation of cooperation, which enables legal bonding, alleviates investors’ adverse selection concerns. The combined results shed light on complementarity between legal and reputational bonding.     

Audit value and charitable organizations

I examine whether donors favor charities that use high quality auditors and whether the propensity to donate varies directly with audit quality. I find that audit quality affects donor decisions in the market for contributions. From a signaling perspective, charities benefit simply from engaging a higher quality auditor. From an information perspective, donors are more sensitive to changes in reported accounting information verified by a high quality auditor. I also find that, after conditioning on the charity’s reputation, donors are still willing to give more to charities aligned with a quality auditor, but the effect of audit quality choice dissipates with the size of the charity. Thus, a charity’s reputation and the choice of auditor are substitute mechanisms for signaling the credibility of financial information to donors.     

Trust and accountability in UK charities: Exploring the virtuous circle

Public trust and confidence in charities is essential for the achievement of their missions. However, recent evidence suggests that trust in UK charities has been damaged, potentially affecting charities' and the charity sector's sustainability and effectiveness. This paper constructs accountability as an important means of developing, maintaining and restoring trust in charities. Through a series of interviews with charity managers, it investigates the public and private mechanisms used in discharging accountability to, and building trust with, charities' main stakeholder groups. The paper identifies the use of a wide range of mechanisms, often highly tailored to particular stakeholders' perceived information needs, which are seen as critical in this process. It is argued that the use and interplay of these can create a ‘virtuous circle’ of accountability and trust, where each reinforces the other. It is argued that where this is achieved, trust in individual charities, and the sector as a whole, can be enhanced.     

非营利组织的内部控制研究

非营利组织内部控制的目标包括:保证其目标的充分实现程度;保证其信息的可靠性和完整性;保证其资源运行的经济性、安全性及完整性;保证其产品和服务的质量;保证其公信力.非营利组织内部控制的要素包括控制环境、风险管理、控制活动、信息与沟通、监督与检查.我国应该循序推进内部控制规范的制定;有效发挥内审机构在内控建设中的作用;积极...     

Financial Reporting by Charities: Why Do Some Choose to Report Under a More Extensive Reporting Framework?

While voluntary disclosure theory posits that profit-oriented companies voluntarily disclose information to increase their market value, this does not explain why a charity would report in accordance with a more comprehensive financial reporting framework than required. Using a unique financial reporting framework choice available in Australia, our study examines factors associated with large charities’ choice of a General Purpose Financial Statements (GPFS) reporting framework, which encompasses expansive financial reporting requirements, versus a Special Purpose Financial Statements (SPFS) reporting framework, where management, within limits, effectively chooses that subset of accounting standards applicable to that charity. For those preparing GPFS, we then examine the factors that determine those charities that report in accordance with the complete set of Australian Accounting Standards (Tier 1) versus Reduced Disclosure Requirements (Tier 2). Using manually collected data from 11,471 large-registered charities for 2014–2016, we find that the economic importance of the charity, its funding sources, and level of indebtedness are significant in explaining charities choosing a more comprehensive financial reporting framework. Further, we find a substantial increase in the proportion of large charities electing to disclose GPFS-Tier 2 over this three-year window. The choice of a large audit firm (Big 4 and mid-tier audit firms) is significantly associated with charities both lodging more comprehensive GPFS, and also reporting GPFS in accordance with the less onerous GPFS-Tier 2 framework. Our results provide insights into voluntary reporting choices made by charities and inform charities, accounting firms, and regulators of factors influencing charities’ choice of financial reporting frameworks.     

New development: Transparent impact reporting in charity annual reports—benefits,challenges and areas for development

The effect of charitable activities on beneficiaries and society is at the heart of what charities exist to do, and stakeholders’ reasons for engaging with charities. Reporting publicly and transparently on this impact can form the basis of improved effectiveness, accountability, legitimacy and trust: potentially securing stakeholders’ ongoing support and engagement. However, significant challenges to transparent impact reporting are also acknowledged. This article explores these possible benefits, and challenges and highlights areas for development in practice and research.     

Werbeanzeigen von Versicherungsunternehmen zur Aufklärung über Gesundheitsrisiken

Insurers offering health-related services as accident insurance, health insurance coverage or nursing insurance for instance have a legitimate interest in reducing costs of ill insured. Information about health-conscious behavior and health risks provided by advertisement may contribute this impact. In an experimental study, we analyze the effect of credibility of advertisement and independent third-party trustmark on health risk perception and health behavior intentions. Results demonstrate significant influence of credibility of advertisement on health risk perception and higher credibility for advertisement with independent trustmark. Furthermore, higher health risk perception conducts to healthier behavior intentions.     

Do ‘Good Governance’ Codes Enhance Financial Accountability? Evidence from Managerial Pay in Dutch Charities

This paper examines the initial impact of a ‘good governance’ code for charitable organisations that was promulgated in the Netherlands in 2005. Data are gathered from publicly available annual reports of 138 charities in the post‐implementation phase of the code (2005–2008). We first examine whether the code altered charities’ governance structures. Next, we investigate managerial pay as a key aspect of discharging financial accountability because prior literature focused on ‘excessive’ compensation. The findings indicate that a strengthened governance structure positively affects the likelihood of disclosing information concerning managerial pay, as well as mitigating managerial pay level.     

Tsunami Swamps Aid Agency Accountability: Government Waives Requirements

Following the devastating tsunamis of 26 December 2004, Australians were eager to donate money to the relief effort. An issue for many was identifying a trustworthy agency; this could be done through direct knowledge of an organisation, or by depending on the recommendations of a source whose competence and integrity was readily accepted. The Australian government provided this external credibility to the 34 charities it listed on its official tsunami assistance website. However, an investigation of these agencies and the actual appeals conducted by them indicates that the government may have waived its normal requirements by moving away from its two accountability programs, AusAID and ACFID accreditation.     

Entry strategies for ‘planned giving’ donor products adopted by British charities: An empirical investigation

In April 2000 the British Government legislated to provide UK citizens with a wide range of tax concessions on charitable donations, enabling registered UK charities to develop and launch new donor products similar in form to the ‘planned giving’ instruments that for many years have been available to supporters of US nonprofit organisations. This paper presents the outcomes to a study of the progress so far achieved by a sample of 89 British charities in their attempts to introduce planned giving products. The investigation explored the roles of certain market and other situational factors in motivating charities to establish planned giving instruments, the antecedents and consequences of heavy investment in the marketing of these new donor products, the main marketing methods employed; and the respondents' perceptions of the major problems involved and barriers to successful introduction.