高层管理团队(TMT)的异质性、冲突管理与企业绩效

高层管理团队(TMT)的异质性是通过冲突的产生和发展这一机制来影响企业绩效的。文章试图从TMT的异质性对冲突和认知的一致性影响的角度入手,分析了冲突过程和冲突与企业绩效之间的关系,揭示了TMT异质性与企业绩效间的关系,并据此提出通过TMT异质性的管理来合理控制冲突进而提高企业绩效的一些建议。     

企业区域迁移与绩效关系研究——基于浙江民营企业的数据分析

理论界普遍认为企业迁移是影响企业取得并保持竞争优势的一个重要因素。虽然部分学者对企业迁移与绩效之间的关系进行了一定程度的探讨,但对企业迁移如何影响企业绩效却极少给出理论框架与实证结果。本文以社会网络为中介变量,并给出相应模型,探讨企业迁移与企业绩效之间关系。实证研究结果表明:地理邻近型迁移与创新绩效正相关,而组织邻近型迁移同时与企业整体绩效和创新绩效正相关,社会网络在其关系中起中介作用。     

高层管理团队异质性、团队冲突和创业绩效的关系研究——以冲突管理为调节变量

为了探讨新创企业高层管理团队(TMT)异质性、团队冲突冲突管理和创业绩效的关系,本文以理论推导为基础,提出研究假设,构建了可调节的中介效应模型,对新创企业高层管理团队进行调研,运用结构方程模型检验了四者的关系。研究发现,在新创企业中TMT异质性对创业绩效具有积极的促进作用;任务冲突和关系冲突在两者之间都起到了部分中介作用;在团队冲突对TMT异质性和创业绩效的中介作用过程中,合作式和竞争式冲突管理在任务冲突和创业绩效间起到显著的调节作用,回避式冲突管理在关系冲突和创业绩效间起到显著的调节作用。研究结果为新创企业绩效改善提供了实证支持。     

高层管理团队（TMT）有效性的动态模型——人口特征研究与情景领导研究的结合

高层管理团队（Top management team．TMT）作为团队的一种特殊形式，因为其有效性对企业的生存发展起到至关重要的作用．所以近年来受到国内外学者的广泛关注。但是。在过去的文献研究中，我们不难发现，学者较多研究的是TMT在人口特征（年龄，教育背景等）的异质性同不同企业绩效指标之间的关系。但是不同学者的研究结果却往往相互矛盾。为了解释不同研究结果的差异，我们结合权变理论，提出了一个动态模型，来更好地分析TMT的有效性。     

网络中心性对企业绩效的影响研究 ——创新关联、政治关联和技术不确定性的调节效应

社会网络对于网络成员通过组织间关系来获取关键资源具有重要价值,而企业在网络结构中的位置则是影响其资源获取能力的关键因素。同时,企业的资源获取能力还会受到企业与网络外部组织之间的关系联结以及市场环境等情境因素的影响。本文基于社会网络理论,以网络中心性作为自变量,以创新关联、政治关联和技术不确定性作为调节变量,对网络中心性对企业绩效的影响机制进行了理论探索与实证研究。结果显示,网络中心性对企业绩效具有显著的正向影响,创新关联和政治关联均对网络中心性与企业绩效之间的这种关系产生显著的正向调节作用,而技术不确定性的调节作用并未得到支持。     

动态竞争环境下高管团队社会网络、行动进攻性与企业绩效

本文主要融合社会网络与动态竞争理论,探讨企业发起竞争行动背后的深层次内部机制,具体关注高管团队社会网络与竞争压力感知如何影响企业的行动进攻性与企业绩效;以及行动进攻性对高管团队社会网络与企业绩效之间关系的调节效应。主要结论有：第一,高管团队社会网络（包括内部与外部网络）对企业行动进攻性存在着显著的正向影响;第二,高管团队的竞争压力感知对行动进攻性有显著正向影响;第三,竞争压力对于高管团队内部网络与行动进攻性的关系有显著的正向调节作用;而对于高管团队外部网络与进攻行动的关系则没有显著的调节作用;第四,行动进攻性对企业绩效具有显著的正向影响;第五,行动进攻性对高管团队内部网络与企业绩效之间的关系有显著的正向调节作用;而对高管团队外部网络与企业绩效之间的关系并没有显著的调节影响。     

风险投资网络、投资经验与绩效

近年来,我国风险投资行业高速发展,风险投资机构之间进行联合投资的行为越来越频繁,从而形成了风险投资网络。风险投资机构网络属性特征已成为影响风险投资成功的关键因素,同时风险投资机构的投资经验也是影响风险投资绩效的重要因素。基于社会网络视角,构建了风险投资机构网络位置、投资经验与投资绩效之间逻辑关系的理论分析框架,探索了网络中心位置、投资经验对投资绩效的直接影响,并考察投资经验对网络位置与投资绩效的调节作用。研究发现,风险投资机构的网络位置中心性对投资绩效有显著的影响,且投资经验在风险投资网络与投资绩效之间起了显著的正向调节作用。研究结果是对现有风险投资网络研究文献的一个有益补充,对于创业企业和风险投资机构相互选择有一定的参考指导作用。     

基于战略匹配和层次分析的企业IT治理关键问题决策

企业战略与IT战略之间的匹配是确保IT治理取得良好绩效的重要前提。企业的IT治理必须完成五个关键问题的决策。为有效地将战略对应的思想转化为量化模型,支持企业决策,本文引入网络层次分析法模拟企业战略与IT战略之间的匹配关系,分别借用Porter的战略管理理论和Henderson的战略匹配模型代表企业战略和IT战略,提出了基于战略匹配的企业IT治理五个关键问题决策模型,并通过实例分析与运算验证了该模型的有效性。     

独立董事社会资本与创业板企业绩效

社会资本是指个体在社会环境中所形成的一系列关系资源,具体以信息共享、互惠互利等形式表现。从结构洞理论与资源依赖理论中可以看出,独立董事由于其特有的"外部性"特征,能够通过自身的社会关系网络为企业提供无法从内部获取的关键资源。文章在已有独立董事与企业绩效研究的基础上,对创业板企业中独立董事社会资本这一因素与企业绩效之间的关系进行了纵深研究,实证检验了独立董事社会资本的三个维度在创业板企业绩效提高方面发挥的作用。研究结果表明,相对于具有政治关系的独立董事而言,任职规模大、社会声望高的独立董事更能推动创业板企业绩效的发展,且独立董事的声誉调节着上述影响机制,能够在一定程度上加强企业对网络中资源的获取和利用程度。     

国际化竞争环境中TMT的异质性对公司绩效的影响

本文通过回顾有关TMT异质性与公司绩效关系的研究，具体检验在国际化竞争环境中，我国上市公司TMT的教育、职业来源和任期对绩效的影响，发现TMT的教育、职业来源和任期的异质性与绩效的正相关关系视国际化水平而定，显示教育与职业来源异质性的影响在国际化中保持了正相关，并在一定范围内随着国际化水平的提高而日益强劲。本文最后指出，基于中国企业特定的成长基础与市场经济的制度环境，针对全球化竞争趋势，应适当提高TMT的异质性。     

Linking top management team age heterogeneity to firm performance: juxtaposing two mid-range theories

Previous research on top management team heterogeneity and firm performance has focused almost exclusively on the non-visible attributes (e.g. functional background, tenure) of cultural diversity as opposed to the visible attributes (e.g. age, race and gender). The few studies there are show inconsistent results. For example, most field work - consistent with social identity theory notions - shows that cultural diversity, in isolation has negative organizational consequences. Only a few laboratory studies, however - consistent with information and decision-making theories - show that diversity in groups relates to favourable organizational outcomes. As social identity theory suggests, we find that top management team (TMT) age heterogeneity, in isolation, relates negatively to return on assets. On sales growth (i.e. organizational growth), the relationship is positive, lending support for information and decision-making theories. However, we find a curvilinear relationship between TMT age heterogeneity and sales growth, supporting both the mid-range theories. More specifically, TMT age heterogeneity is positively related to sales growth at low and medium levels and negatively related to sales growth at high levels. In addition, results reveal that context moderates linear and non-linear relationships. The results provide evidence of the importance of cultural diversity in TMTs for competitive advantage but also suggest the complexities of increasing it to observe these benefits.     

What a Diverse Top Management Team Means: Testing an Integrated Model

Prior research has produced inconsistent results on the relationship between top management team (TMT) diversity and firm performance. Drawing on the information–social categorization framework, this study is designed to investigate both the mechanism and the contextual factors underlying the relationship between TMT cognitive diversity and firm performance by examining them in a unified model so as to better understand how a diverse TMT works. Based on a multi‐sourced survey of top managers from 118 Chinese firms, this study finds that team interdependence and team cohesion moderate in the linkage between TMT cognitive diversity and elaboration of task‐related information. In addition, TMT's elaboration of task‐related information mediates the interactive effects of TMT cognitive diversity and team interdependence on firm performance as well as the interactive effects of TMT cognitive diversity and team cohesion on firm performance.     

Pay dispersion among the top management team and outside directors: Its impact on firm risk and firm performance

Two key groups central to improving firm performance are the top management team (TMT) and the board of directors. Executives undertake strategic actions, whereas board members fulfill their resource provision and monitoring roles. Drawing on tournament theory and equity theory, we propose that high pay dispersion among outside directors and the TMT is positively associated with strategic risk, whereas high (low) TMT pay dispersion and low (high) outside director pay dispersion are positively associated with firm performance. Our predictor is the unexplained component of horizontal pay dispersion, or the residual of pay dispersion resulting from regressing pay on observable firm, industry, period, and individual characteristics. Our results highlight the importance of unexplained pay dispersion for TMTs, but not for boards of directors, in improving firm performance.     

Multi-cultural leadership teams and organizational identification in international joint ventures

Many international joint ventures (IJVs) fare poorly. An important factor is that members of an IJV top management team (TMT), which generally comprises people from different cultures, often find it difficult to work together. In this paper we argue that social identity theory and organizational identification processes can help us understand why this is so. We propose that factionalism in a TMT is a significant hazard posed by member identification with different parents. In addition, identification with both the IJV and a parent firm can lead to significant role conflict for IJV top managers. Factionalism and role conflict in turn can result in poor intra-TMT communications and inefficient decision making. Literature in social identity theory and organizational identification suggests that the relative status and power of parents as well as successes of IJVs can affect TMT members' identification with the IJV or the parent company. Preliminary field interviews provide general support for these propositions. Our analysis suggests that organizational identity and identification can be a valuable tool to facilitate the understanding of TMT functioning and IJV performance.     

高管社会资本:高管团队人口特征绩效研究新进展

长期以来,高管人员作为企业最重要的人力资源备受研究人员的关注,早期的研究认为,高管团队人口特征与企业绩效存在直接的相关性,而近年的研究则发现高管团队人口特征对企业绩效的影响可能并非是简单的直接相关,更有可能受到一些中间变量的调节与影响。高管社会资本通过组织内外的关系网络,建立起以社会资本为中间变量的高管团队人口特征绩效影响的新机制。高管社会资本概念及研究内容的提出,为我们最终解决高管人口特征绩效影响的"黑箱"问题提供了新的研究思路与分析框架。     

Top Management Team Functional Diversity and Firm Performance: The Moderating Role of CEO Characteristics

Past research indicates that the effect of TMT functional diversity on firm performance is equivocal. We address this issue by focusing on the integrative role of the CEO, postulating that the CEO's expertise and background characteristics affect the TMT functional diversity–firm performance relationship, because of their impact on the exchange and integration of distributed knowledge within the TMT. Using a dataset of 33 Dutch and Belgian Information Technology firms we investigate the moderating role of three sets of CEO characteristics (functional background, status as founder, and shared experience with the other TMT members) on the relationship between TMT functional diversity and firm performance. Our results reveal that CEO and TMT characteristics do interact in realizing the potential advantages of distributed TMT functional expertise.     

Strengthening organizational ambidexterity with top management team mechanisms and processes

Abstract

Organizational ambidexterity is the organizational capability to simultaneously pursue explorative and exploitative innovation strategies. Studies have examined the Top Management Team (TMT) actions and decisions with the ambidextrous orientation of a firm. Further, studies have also shown that a behaviourally integrated TMT is positively associated with organizational ambidexterity. However, there has been limited research examining the antecedents to the behaviourally integrated TMT. Anchored in the upper echelons perspective, we have examined the influence of TMT processes and mechanisms on organizational ambidexterity. The TMT is observed to positively influence ambidexterity by enhancing the firm’s ability to meet the differentiation-integration challenges, and by facilitating the effective deployment of ambidextrous Human Resource (HR) architectures for employee learning. Thereby, this investigation examines the effect of TMT processes and mechanisms in enabling structural as well as contextual ambidexterity. The results from a sample of 78 hi-tech Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) across different industries were analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling. We find the mediating role of TMT behavioural integration in the effect of TMT connectedness and TMT cross-functional interfacing mechanisms on organizational ambidexterity. However, our results show that rewards contingent on organizational performance do not motivate the TMT members to facilitate organizational ambidexterity. The results from this study lend support to the upper echelons perspective and add to two distinct streams of literature namely organizational ambidexterity and behavioural integration.     

基于认知和价值观视角的高管团队（TMT）社会集成影响因素研究——一个典型群体决策情景下的探索

高管团队社会集成的质量明显地影响团队决策,然而已有的文献未能有效地解释影响社会集成的深层次原因。本文选用了高度群体决策的极端环境企业,采用扎根理论的分析方法和理论构建方法,对H公司的四个高管团队进行了追踪式观察等多种证据材料的收集、分析,发现高管团队的认知和价值观分别制约着社会集成的有效形成,并发现团队领袖和一般高管成员在团队集成中发挥不同作用。本文归纳出团队认知渴求、领袖的开放性、团队合作意识、团队成员责任感、领袖对才能的尊重五个影响社会集成的要素;并进一步结合相关文献构建出基于认知和价值观视角的理解社会集成的理论模型。本研究丰富了高管团队理论及社会集成理论,且对企业实践具有启发意义。     

A temporal perspective on the relationship between top management team internationalization and firms' innovativeness

This study examines whether top management team (TMT) internationalization is positively related to firm innovativeness. Besides focusing on the accumulation of top managers' international knowledge and capabilities, we explore the influence of moderators reflecting temporal concerns at three levels: CEO age, TMT tenure, and firm age. Combining upper echelons theory with innovation literature and using a sample of large stock-listed German firms, we demonstrate that TMT internationalization can increase firm innovativeness. This relationship is context-dependent on the age of the CEO. Overall, this paper sheds light on the antecedents of firm innovativeness and the consequences of increasingly international TMTs.