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1.
Christopher Green 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》1993,3(1):23-42
The paper is motivated by Joseph A. Schumpeter's The Crisis of the Tax State. It inquires whether the buildup of government debt in peacetimeprosperity is a threat to the stability, existence or creation of viable tax states. The paper begins by setting out Schumpeter's conception of the tax state and the nature of recent political-economic events which have reinvigorated the concept. Next the paper sets out some simple debt dynamics and sketches a debt-induced business cycle arising from heavy reliance on debt finance in peacetimeprosperity. Finally, the paper assesses threats to the tax state in light of recent work on path dependence and positive feedback. An attempt is made to throw some light on whether the plethora of new, and often small, states spawned by the demise of communism can be viable tax states.Essay on Government, the Tax State and Economic Dynamics submitted to the Third Schumpeter Prize Competition. 相似文献
2.
Geographical Proximity and the Transmission of Tacit Knowledge 总被引:10,自引:1,他引:10
Since at least the publication of Pigou's The Economics of Welfare (Pigou 1932) and Arrow's seminal article on Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources of Invention (Arrow 1962), most economic theorists have argued that knowledge is expensive to produce but cheap to reproduce. Following Hayek (1948) and Polanyi (1958), scholars working in the tradition of Austrian economists have dissented from that view by pointing out that if a good deal of knowledge, such as the price of gold, can be easily codified and transmitted, much important knowledge is tacit and dependent on the particular circumstances of time and place. One line of work that supports the Austrian view can be found in economic geography and neighboring disciplines where the geographic concentration of economic activity is explained, among other factors, by the importance of geographical proximity between individuals in the transmission of tacit knowledge. This paper therefore argues that the spatial agglomeration of economic activities constitutes a powerful vindication of Austrian insights. 相似文献
3.
Franz Bekerle 《Empirica》1978,5(1):3-31
Summary This paper gives an empirical reexamination of the Linear-Expenditure-hypothesis for Austria. It starts with a brief theoretical discussion of the principal properties and restrictions of the Linear-Expenditure-System (LES). To obtain empirical estimates of the parameters of the LES two different estimation procedures are applied, i.e. the original method used byStone and a simplified version of the Systems-Least-Squares-approach (following theMarquardt-algorithm). There are no essential differences between these estimates. They all seem plausible and satisfy the theoretical restrictions.Usually the stability (i.e. time-invariance) of the parameters is accepted without proof. Using the Moving-Window-Regression-technique, however, most of the estimates vary significantly in time. To obtain a direct proof of the time-dependence of the parameters the LES is reestimated now including trend-factors. Especially results considering time-dependent marginal-budget-shares are considerably better than the static-model results.The conclusion of this paper is that the static version of the LES does not explain the consumer behaviour in Austria and that much more effort should be spent on the estimation of dynamic demand systems. 相似文献
4.
In general, synergies across license valuations complicate the auction design process. Theory suggests that a simple (i.e., non-combinatorial) auction will have difficulty in assigning licenses efficiently in such an environment. This difficulty increases with increases in fitting complexity. In some environments, bidding may become mutually destructive. Experiments indicate that a properly designed combinatorial auction is superior to a simple auction in terms of economic efficiency and revenue generation in bidding environments with a low amount of fitting complexity. Concerns that a combinatorial auction will cause a threshold problem are not borne out when bidders for small packages can communicate. 相似文献
5.
Joachim Wagner 《Empirica》1991,18(2):237-251
Recent studies suggest that inter-industry wage differentials exist which are neither caused by different endownments of the workers with human capital, nor by different working conditions, nor by institutional rigidities. Higher employment in high-wage sectors due to exports, therefore, raises welfare. According to empirical evidence presented here more likely than not net exports from sectors paying wage premia lead to some extra gains from trade (that cannot be explained by trade policy promoting primary sectors by high amounts of subsidies per employee) for the German economy. A case is made, however, against strategic trade policy in favour of these sectors pointing to uncertainty about the amount of the differentials, their international (dis)similarity, and their sources.
Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the annual meeting of the international economists' group of the Verein für Socialpolitik at Hohenheim University in May 1991, at the Sixth Annual Congress of the European Economic Association in Cambridge in September 1991, and at the Universities of Hamburg and Bielefeld. I would like to thank participants at the discussions and four anonymous referees for helpful comments. The usual disclaimer applies. 相似文献
Zusammenfassung Empirische Untersuchungen deuten darauf hin, daß auch in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Arbeitskräfte mit gleicher Humankapitalausstattung, die unter gleichen Arbeitsbedingungen in Unternehmen gleicher Größe in einer Region arbeiten, unterschiedlich entlohnt werden, wenn sie in unterschiedlichen Sektoren arbeiten. Bestehen solche Sektorlohndifferentiale, dann hat eine Ausweitung der Beschäftigung in Hochlohnsektoren positive Wohlfahrtseffekte. Es wird daher vielfach gefordert, diese primären Sektoren vor internationaler Konkurrenz zu schützen und sie durch Subventionen zu fördern. Die vorliegende Arbeit präsentiert empirische Evidenz dafür, daß die Bundesrepublik Deutschland Extra-Gewinne aus dem Außenhandel bezieht, weil zwischen der Netto-Exportquote und der Höhe des Sektorlohndifferentials ein positiver Zusammenhang besteht, ohne daß sich die Subventionspolitik an diesen Differentialen orientiert. Gegen eine gezielte Förderung der Hochlohnsektoren im Rahmen einer strategischen Handelspolitik werden dann drei Argumente vorgebracht, die mit Unsicherheiten über Höhe, internationale Ähnlichkeit und Ursachen der Differentiale zusammenhängen.
Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the annual meeting of the international economists' group of the Verein für Socialpolitik at Hohenheim University in May 1991, at the Sixth Annual Congress of the European Economic Association in Cambridge in September 1991, and at the Universities of Hamburg and Bielefeld. I would like to thank participants at the discussions and four anonymous referees for helpful comments. The usual disclaimer applies. 相似文献
6.
One of the most important and most contentious issues for regulation and competition raised by the 1996 Telecommunications Act is when to authorize the regional Bell companies to offer long-distance services. The Department of Justice (DOJ) adopted a standard requiring that a Bells local market must first be irreversibly open to competition. This paper analyzes the competitive benefits and costs of authorizing Bell entry, explains the DOJs standard, and argues that the incentives created by this standard will help achieve the Acts competitive goals more efficiently and rapidly than other standards, ultimately reducing the need for intrusive regulation. 相似文献
7.
Zusammenfassung Die österreichische Wirtschaftspolitik wird in Österreich vielfach als austro-keynesianisch etikettiert. Der vorliegende aufsatz versucht zu zeigen, daß das Keynesianische dieser Politik nicht in einer Stop-and-go-Politik besteht, was üblicherweise als Keynesianismus bezeichnet wird. Vielmehr zielt die österreichische Wirtschaftspolitk darauf ab, intrinsische Instabilitäten des Marktprozesses als Folge von Unsicherheiten oder wechselnden Erwartungen durch gesamtwirtschaftliche Arrangements zu reduzieren: Sozialpartnerschaft, stabiler Finanzsektor, Unabhängigkeit der Investitionsentscheidungen von monetären Faktoren sowie Dominanz automatischer Stabilisatoren. Diese Reduktion von Marktinstabilitäten kann als fundamentale Politikempfehlung Keynes' angesehen werden.Der Terminus Austro in der Bezeichnung der österreichischen Wirtschaftspolitik weist darauf hin, daß es ein hausgemachtes Konzept ist, welches neben keynesianischen Elementen auch klassische Relikte, neoklassische Erweiterungen, monetaristische Vermutungen oder einfach Wirtschaftspolitik à la Hausverstand beinhaltet. Dies gilt insbesondere für eine Vielzahl von selektiven Eingriffen wie Investitions-, Spar- oder Exportförderung. Gemeinsam ist diesen selektiven Eingriffen, daß sie üblicherweise als Erklärungen für die Erfolge der österreichischen Wirtschaftspolitik herangezogen werden; der konkrete Beweis hiefür steht jedoch aus.Der Aufsatz unternimmt den Versuch, das austro-keynesianische Konzept theoretisch wie auch empirisch kritisch zu prüfen.
Revised joint version of two papers presented at the Premier colloque du Club européen des associations d'économistes: Les politiques économiques des années 1980, Paris, March 1983. The conference volume will be published under the editorship of P. Maillet, Association Française de Science Economique. 相似文献
Revised joint version of two papers presented at the Premier colloque du Club européen des associations d'économistes: Les politiques économiques des années 1980, Paris, March 1983. The conference volume will be published under the editorship of P. Maillet, Association Française de Science Economique. 相似文献
8.
On the Durability of King and Council: The Continuum Between Dictatorship and Democracy 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Roger D. Congleton 《Constitutional Political Economy》2001,12(3):193-215
In practice one rarely observes pure forms of dictatorship that lack a council, or pure forms of parliament that lack an executive. Generally government policies emerge from organizations that combine an executive branch of government, the king, with a cabinet or parliamentary branch, the council. This paper provides an explanation for this regularity, and also provides an evolutionary model of the emergence of democracy that does not require a revolution. The analysis demonstrates that the bipolar king and council constitutional template has a number of properties that gives it great practical efficiency as a method of information processing and as a very flexible institutional arrangement for making collective decisions. 相似文献
9.
Mixon Franklin G. Charles Sawyer W. Treviño Len J. 《Constitutional Political Economy》2004,15(4):371-381
In a seminal contribution to the literature on bureaucracy, Breton and Wintrobe (The Logic of Bureaucratic Conduct: An Economic Analysis of Competition, Exchange, and Efficiency in Private and Public Organization. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1982) develop a model wherein subordinates and superiors in a bureaucratic structure trade with each other to advance the objectives of the superiors. The success of such an organizational arrangement (for superiors) is based upon the development of vertical trust networks in a way that facilitates the promise of informal payments by superiors in return for informal services provided by their subordinates. Breton and Wintrobe [Journal of Political Economy 94 (1986) 905] also provide a theoretical application of their model by describing the Nazi bureaucracy as a conglomeration of competing agencies that zealously carried out the Final Solution to the Jewish question. As an extension, this note develops two compelling empirical examples of vertical and horizontal trust networks within the Nazi regime: Einsatzgruppen As (Special Action Detachments) attempt to liquidate all Lithuanian Jews after the German invasion of the U.S.S.R. in 1941 and the 20 July 1944 attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler.JEL Classification: D23, D73. 相似文献
10.
Summary In this paper we consider Anonymous Sequential Games with Aggregate Uncertainty. We prove existence of equilibrium when there is a general state space representing aggregate uncertainty. When the economy is stationary and the underlying process governing aggregate uncertainty Markov, we provide Markov representations of the equilibria.Table of notation
Agents' characteristics space ( )
- A
Action space of each agent (aA)
-
Y
Y = x A
-
Aggregate distribution on agents' characteristics
-
(X)
Space of probability measures onX
-
C(X)
Space of continuous functions onX
-
X
Family of Borel sets ofX
-
State space of aggregate uncertainty ( )
-
x
t=1
aggregate uncertainty for the infinite game
-
= (1,2,...,t,...)
-
t
t (1, 2,..., t)
- L1(t,C ×A),v
t
Normed space of measurable functions from
t
toC( x A)
-
8o(t,( x A))
Space of measurable functions from
tto( x A)
- Xt
Xt= x
s=1
t
X
-
X
t
Borel field onX
t
-
v
Distribution on
- vt
Marginal distribution of v on
t
- v(t)((¦t))
Conditional distribution on
given
t
- vt(s)(vt(¦s))
Conditional distribution on
t
given
s
(wheres)
-
t
Periodt distributional strategy
-
Distributional strategy for all periods =(1,2,...,t,...)
-
t
Transition process for agents' types
- (
t,t,y)(P
t+1(,
t
,
t
,y))
Transition function associated with
t
-
u
t
Utility function
-
V
t
(, a, , t)
Value function for each collection (, a, ,
t
)
-
W
t
(, ,
t
)
Value function given optimal action a
-
C()
Consistency correspondence. Distributions consistent with and characteristics transition functions
-
B()
Best response correspondence (which also satisfy consistency)
-
E
Set of equilibrium distributional strategies
-
x
t=1
(
t
, (x A))
- S
Expanded state space for Markov construction
- (, a, )
Value function for Markov construction
-
P(
t
*
,
t
y)(P(,
t
*
,
t
,
y
))
Invariant characteristics transition function for Markov game
We wish to acknowledge very helpful conversations with C. d'Aspremont, B. Lipman, A. McLennan and J-F. Mertens. The financial support of the SSHRCC and the ARC at Queen's University is gratefully acknowledged. This paper was begun while the first author visited CORE. The financial support of CORE and the excellent research environment is gratefully acknowledged. The usual disclaimer applies. 相似文献
11.
W. Brian Arthur 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》1993,3(1):1-22
This paper explores the idea of constructing theoretical economic agents that behave like actual human agents and using them in neoclassical economic models. It does this in a repeated-choice setting by postulating artificial agents who use a learning algorithm calibrated against human learning data from psychological experiments. The resulting calibrated algorithm appears to replicate human learning behavior to a high degree and reproduces several stylized facts of learning. It can therefore be used to replace the idealized, perfectly rational agents in appropriate neoclassical models with calibrated agents that represent actual human behavior. The paper discusses the possibilities of using the algorithm to represent human learning in normal-form stage games and in more general neoclassical models in economics. It explores the likelihood of convergence to long-run optimality and to Nash behavior, and the characteristic learning time implicit in human adaptation in the economy. 相似文献
12.
Shigehiro Serizawa 《Economic Theory》1996,7(3):501-512
Summary We consider the problem of choosing an allocation in an economy in which there are one private good and one public good. Our purpose is to identify the class of procedures of choosing an allocation which satisfy strategy-proofness, individual rationality, no exploitation and non-bossiness. Any such procedure is a scheme of semi-convex cost sharing determined by the minimum demand principle.I wish to thank Professors Salvador Barbera, Matthew Jackson, Herve Moulin and William Thomson for their helpful suggestions and two anonymous referees for their detailed comments. Conversations with Professors Hideo Konishi, Shinji Oseto Ken-ichi Shimomura and Stephen Ching were helpful. This work is supported by the Japan Economic Research Foundation and Research Grants PB89-0294 and PB89-0075 from the Direcion General de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica, Spanish Ministry of Education. 相似文献
13.
Operational Research and the environment 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
The discipline of Operational Research (OR) is primarily concerned with improving the effectiveness and efficiency of decision processes. These processes take place everywhere in society: industry, banking, agriculture, government, politics. Frequent use of mathematical optimization models is typical of OR. Since the early '80s these models are increasingly packaged in a user-friendly way, as Decision Support Systems. In the following we will illustrate how OR can be used to describe and solve a number of environmental problems. 相似文献
14.
John E. Finn 《Constitutional Political Economy》1999,10(4):355-365
In this article, I argue that Ackerman's approach to constitutional change is unable to distinguish between changes of degree and changes in kind, or between changes that transform and changes that transmogrify. As a consequence, the model Ackerman proposes fails at its most elemental purpose of illuminating questions of constitutional identity. Transformations fails to tell us who We the People really are or about what we are constituted. 相似文献
15.
David G. Tuerck 《Constitutional Political Economy》1995,6(3):281-292
InThe Sensory Order, Friedrich A. Hayek describes the human mind as an apparatus of classification that evolves through experience and that reaches decisions by modeling the alternative courses of action that are available to it. Hayek's mechanistic conception of mind argues aginst the possibility of central planning and against the cogency of any rule that denigrates subjective decision making by employers or other economic agents. As implied by Gödel's proof, no brain, human or mechanical, can ever be sufficiently complex to explain itself. There will therefore always be certain knowledge and rules that cannot be articulated to the satisfaction of a central planner or tribunal. 相似文献
16.
Josef Steindl 《Empirica》1976,3(1):55-76
Summary The wage and salary bill in Austrian manufacturing industry is divided into a fixed and a variable part on the assumption that wages of skilled labour and salaries can be regarded as fixed, wages of unskilled and semi-skilled workers as variable cost. The excess of value added (factor incomes) over the variable wage cost (gross profit) is shown to be more stable in the trade cycle than the excess of value added over the total wage cost (net profit); this accords with the idea of a relatively stable mark-up on variable cost.As a proportion of value added, gross profit and even more net profit in the above sense decline gradually over the period 1956 to 1972. This would indicate a declining degree of monopoly or increasing degree of competition which presumably applies mainly to the export markets. The hypothesis is advanced that more active competition has taken place in foreign markets which enabled Austrian manufacturing to increase its share in those markets. The reduction in profit margins was made possible by tax allowances i.e. by the quick write-off a considerable part of new investment. This tax allowances amounts to an interest free government loan to the investor, which in fact will not be repaid of the depreciation funds are reinvested immediately after the equipment is fully written off. The proportion of the industry's capital which is in this sense financed by the government increases over time as investment expands; a profit rate has to be earned only on the remaining capital stock, so that without reduction of the return on private capital the profit margins may be reduced. (The tax allowances thus amount to a virtual reduction of the capital coefficient which proceeds gradually over a long time.)The paper finally shows the relation between the share of savings and the share of corporate incomes in the total private income during the cycle. The share of saving moves with the cycle and this is made possible by a shift to corporate income. 相似文献
17.
We focus on the effects of deforestation for agricultural purposes on biodiversity. This topic has been dealt with in the recent literature where forested land and biodiversity are treated as synonyms. In contrast to that, this paper distinguishes between forested land and forest itself, the latter being interpreted as a measure of biodiversity. The regenerative capacity of forests is modeled as a function of the own stock and of the habitat size. In particular, the threat of a given minimum viable population to be achieved in the course of the reduction of habitats is taken into account. The corresponding structure of a sustainability indicator is elaborated. 相似文献
18.
The paper investigates a climate-economy model with an iso-elastic welfare function in which one parameter measures relative risk-aversion and a distinct parameter measures resistance to intertemporal substitution.We show both theoretically and numerically that climate policy responds differently to variations in the two parameters. In particular, we show that higher but lower leads to increase emissions control. We also argue that climate-economy models based on intertemporal expected utility maximization, i.e. models where = , may misinterpret the sensitivity of the climate policy to risk-aversion. 相似文献
19.
Keisuke Hattori 《Journal of Economics》2005,84(2):135-156
This paper investigates the welfare effects of unilateral or multilateral technological progress in a world with global public goods. We focus on the consumption relation between the private and the public good, and then show that technological progress may beself-centered (benefit oneself but harm others), self-sacrificing (harm oneself but benefit others), or self-defeating (harm all) if two goods are substitutable. In addition, any type of technological progress improves every countrys welfare if the private and the public good are close complements. 相似文献
20.
Leonardo Becchetti 《Empirica》1995,22(3):167-184
The paper compares the relative efficiency of country models in the relationship between finance and investments. Results, confirmed under three different panel data estimates (Arellano-Bond GMM method, random and fixed effect estimates) suggest that: i) the UK thick market reduces informational asymmetries for large firms and for those firms providing good signals to shareholders; ii) the Japanese vertical (between firms and banks) integration and horizontal (among firms) integration almost eliminates financial constraints (the horizontal integration effect) and equates agency costs across firms (the vertical integration effect). These results are consistent with the short-termist hypothesis which assumes that the Japanese economic system can process information more efficiently reducing managerial myopic behaviour and thereby determining positive effects on long term growth. 相似文献