Status Quo Bias in Bargaining: An Extension of the Myerson-Satterthwaite Theorem with an Application to the Coase Theorem

We generalize the Myerson-Satterthwaite theorem to study inefficiencies in bilateral bargaining over a divisible good, with two-sided private information on the valuations. For concave quasi-linear preferences, the ex ante most efficient Bayes equilibrium of any mechanism always exhibits a bias toward the status quo. If utility functions are quadratic every Bayes equilibrium is ex post inefficient, with the expected amount of trade biased toward the disagreement point. In other words, for the class of preferences we study, there is a strategic advantage to property rights in the Coase bargaining setup in the presence of incomplete information. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C78, D23, D62, D82.     

A New Solution to the Random Assignment Problem

A random assignment is ordinally efficient if it is not stochastically dominated with respect to individual preferences over sure objects. Ordinal efficiency implies (is implied by) ex post (ex ante) efficiency. A simple algorithm characterizes ordinally efficient assignments: our solution, probabilistic serial (PS), is a central element within their set. Random priority (RP) orders agents from the uniform distribution, then lets them choose successively their best remaining object. RP is ex post, but not always ordinally, efficient. PS is envy-free, RP is not; RP is strategy-proof, PS is not. Ordinal efficiency, Strategyproofness, and equal treatment of equals are incompatible. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C78, D61, D63.     

科斯三定理的新表述与新证明

科斯第二定理指出,在交易费用大于零的现实世界,产权的不同界定会对资源配置效率产生影响。政府(或法院)的基本原则应该是把权利界定给能以较低交易费用解决外部性问题的一方。科斯第三定理的准确含义是,在交易费用大于零的现实世界,制度安排的生产本身是有成本的,净收益最大的制度安排就是最佳的选择。科斯第二、三定理为市场经济中普遍存在的外部性问题提供了新的解决措施和科学的决策原则,间接意味着科斯并非政府干预的完全反对者,科斯定理也不足以成为有些学者把新制度经济学定性为新自由主义的充分理由。     

云南省农业水资源利用效率评估

农业在云南省占有重要的地位,农业部门是主要的用水户,农业用水管理对于解决云南省水资源问题具有重要意义。在传统水资源利用效率评估方法基础上研究去除气象因素对农业用水量的影响,因为不同的气候条件以及水肥条件是引起不同区域间农业产出差异的主要原因。改进后的评估方法使得平行比较成为可能,按照计算结果将云南省各州市的农业水资源利用效率分为三个梯队。使用面板数据中的随机效应模型研究影响水资源利用效率的因素。针对不同的水资源利用效率及影响因素,提出相应的节水护水措施。     

An Experimental Study of the Effect of Private Information in the Coase Theorem

We investigate, in an experimental setting, the effect of private information on the Coase theorem's predictions of efficiency and allocative neutrality. For a two-person bargaining game, we find significantly more inefficiency and allocative bias in the case of private information compared with the case of complete information. We also find substantial bargaining breakdown, which is not predicted by the Coase theorem. For the case of private information, we reject the Coase theorem in favor of the alternative of a generalized version of the Myerson—Satterthwaite theorem, which predicts inefficiency, allocative bias in the direction of the disagreement point, and some bargaining breakdown.     

效率和公平关系的再认识

十七大报告对于收入分配问题有了新的提法“初次分配和再分配都要处理好效率和公平的关系,再分配更加注重公平”,回顾中国处理公平与效率关系问题的历程,使我们了解到：在社会主义市场经济条件下,效率问题由市场机制来解决,而公平问题应当由政府来解决,不仅要注重效率的问题,而且要注重公平问题,更加注重公平是我们对效率和公平关系认识的深化和完善。     

On the Optimality of the Competitive Process: Kimura's Theorem and Market Dynamics

This paper considers the optimality properties of a market economy in terms of three propositions that evaluate the outcomes of and the process of competition between a population of firms working within a given economic environment. We show that when firms differ in more than one competitive characteristic then competition does not select in general the most efficient firm nor does it always result in increases in the average efficiency with which resources are utilized. Drawing upon a theorem of Kimura, however, we show that competition has the property of maximizing the rate of change of the average selective characteristics in the population. We conclude that a more nuanced appraisal of the institutions of the competitive process is surely necessary. From an evolutionary standpoint, the outcomes of competition are always contingent on the nature of the selection environment and the characteristics of the whole population of firms that are being selected. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Aggregation of Directional Distance Functions and Industrial Efficiency

Three main objectives are pursued in this paper. First, we intend to analyze the aggregation problem of directional distance functions from a constructive viewpoint. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions concerning the structural properties of the production technology and of the nature of groups of firms. Indeed, exact additive aggregation holds for a linear technology and for a direction solely defined in the output space. Second, since these conditions are somewhat restrictive, we are interested in providing a measure for the aggregation bias through the relationship between industrial and structural technical efficiency. Finally, we show that this aggregation bias is a lower bound for industrial allocative efficiency.     

保险市场风险与效率探析

从国外文献看,无论从数量还是从研究的系统性及深度和广度上,对保险市场风险与效率的研究都相对滞后于商业银行和资本市场风险与效率的研究,而国内保险界对保险市场风险与效率的研究更是少见,但是保险业高速的规模扩张伴随着保险业低效率是阻碍我国保险业发展的重要问题。鉴于此,试图将我国保险市场的风险与效率结合起来研究,从保险市场存在的风险与低效率的表现入手,分析对外开放风险、信息不对称风险、诚信缺失风险、系统性风险导致的保险业的低效率运行,以求找到提高效率的途径。     

提高董事会治理效率

董事会既是资本所有者的代言人,又是公司经营管理的决策者,在公司治理中处于核心地位。董事会治理直接关系到公司和股东的利益,其主要内容就是促使董事会更有效的行使其权力,进行科学决策,以满足公司业务和投资者不断变化的需求。本文从董事会权力与责任、激励机制和运作机制三方面入手。为董事会提高治理效率提出建议。     

Efficiency and market share in the Hungarian corporate sector

This paper investigates the link between competition and efficiency for the Hungarian corporate sector during various phases of the transition process. We employ frontier production functions to explore differences among groups of firms, and to identify the typical adjustment process of each group separately throughout the transition period until 1997. The estimated production functions indicate a gradual improvement in efficiency and a shift from decreasing to increasing returns to scale due to the growing share of small firms. Market share can be explained by domestic and foreign competition and by the efficiency of the firm. JEL classification: C23, D21, D24.     

略论公有制是公平与效率统一的基础

公平与效率在公有制范围内是有机统一的。其统一的经济基础就是公有制;我国以公有制为主体、多种所有制共同发展的经济制度,决定了我国公平与效率的一致性占主导地位,矛盾对立性占次要地位。     

城市化效率的时空测度与省际差异研究

城市化效率作为衡量城市化质量内涵的重要标准,已成为城市经济协调运转的逻辑起点。基于数据包络分析法(DEA),利用Malmquist效率指数,以2005—2010年为样本研究时段,对中国31个省区(市)的城市化效率分别进行了动态测算。同时,运用DEA-BCC模型对其规模报酬和非集约度进行静态测算。结果表明:天津、福建、青海等17个省区(市)城市化效率较低;河北、安徽、四川等19省区(市)仍处于非有效且投入要素非集约度状态。文章最后提出要提高土地利用效率、发展集约型产业、实施科技推动的城市化道路等提高城市化效率的政策建议。     

福利经济学视角下的效率与公平

效率与公平问题是当前社会讨论的热点话题,关于效率与公平的内涵、关系以及组合模式,国内理论界众说纷纭.笔者试从一个新的视角--福利经济学的角度--来重新阐释效率与公平问题.笔者认为:第一,既要重视收入分配公平,又要重视社会公平;第二,实现效率与公平的最优组合需要市场和政府双管齐下;第三,我国当前应实行效率与公平并重的原则.     

生态经济效益呼唤激励型税收政策

我国税收对资源有效利用和环境保护的作用主要是依靠分散在各类税种中的零星规定来实现的.这既限制了税收政策对环境资源的调控力度,又难以形成专门的用于生态环境保护的税收收入.文章指出,激励型税收机制通过让环境资源参与成本分摊,可以在个体追求自己利益的过程中,促进环境资源使用效率的提高,进而可提高生态经济效益.最后,文章结合我国实际,借鉴其他国家的做法,为建立我国生态税收制度设计了基本框架.     

我国区域能源效率及其影响因素研究

如何以较少的能源消耗实现现代化战略目标,是我国必须解决的问题。为了有效提高能源效率,我们有必要弄清楚我国能源效率现状及其影响因素之间的关系。本文首先把环境因素加入到考量能源效率的指标体系当中,对能源效率重新定义,接着通过构建结构方程模型,分析了经济结构、技术进步、制度（能源市场化）、交通运输、工业能源投资等方面对能源效率的影响程度,测算出能源效率与其影响因素之间的关系。通过实证研究发现：从各因素对能源效率的贡献比重来看,市场化程度和对外开放影响系数最大;其次是交通运输,技术进步;而经济结构对能源效率的影响系数呈反向关系,其中第二产业比重在经济结构中影响较大。说明市场化程度、对外开放程度、技术水平的提高和交通运输的提升都会促进我国能源效率的提高。技术进步因素对我国能源效率的正向作用有待于进一步加强。     

基于DEA的新疆玉米生产效率地区差异分析

由于经济条件和生产投入的不同,新疆各地州玉米的生产效率存在着一定差异。本文采用数据包络分析(DEA)方法,对新疆2006年9个玉米主产区的技术效率和规模效率进行了测算,并按相对生产效率的大小将9个地州进行了分类。结果显示只有喀什地区和伊犁州DEA是有效的,各玉米产区生产效率的差异主要是投入方面的差异。通过本文,为构建粮食后备产区提供科学的决策依据,并为各地州提出了生产效率的改进方案和对策建议。     

环保投资运行效率的评价与实证研究

近几年来,我国环保投资增长很快,但是我国环境质量的改善却不明显。通过运用“环保投资优先增长模型”,对我国环保投资的运行效率进行实证研究,结果表明:我国环保投资所取得的治污效果相对于其自身的高速增长是不成比例的,其运行效率非常低效。     

我国农村正规金融与非正规金融效率分析

高效率的金融制度对经济发展提供强有力的资金支持,可以提高经济的总体竞争力,促进经济增长。对农村信用社、农业银行、农业发展银行和邮政储蓄银行等正规金融机构和村镇银行、小额贷款公司等非正规金融组织的效率进行调查,从资金配置效率、适应性效率和运行效率方面进行分析,结果显示：正规金融制度的效率偏低,非正规金融组织的效率偏高;两种金融制度的效率有各自的空间,在规模和范围较小时,非正规金融制度效率更高,而超出一定的发展范围和规模,正规金融制度的优越性则进一步凸显。