The impact of human capital on the early success of necessity versus opportunity-based entrepreneurs

This paper examines whether founders’ backgrounds influence new firm survival in the early years after startup, focusing, in particular, on the impact of unemployment-driven entrepreneurship. For entrepreneurs who left their previous employment to found a new firm, both general and specific human capital play a key role in enhancing early survival chances. However, various forms of human capital have little effect on early survival of unemployment-driven entrepreneurs, who rely mostly on previous entrepreneurial experience to persevere. Results suggest that pre-entry capabilities play an important role in the early success of opportunity-based entrepreneurs, but have little influence on the early success of necessity-based ones.     

The impact of horizontal and vertical FDI on host's country economic growth

In this paper, we contribute to the literature investigating the impact of FDI on host country economic growth by distinguishing between the growth effects of horizontal (market seeking) FDI and vertical (efficiency seeking) FDI. Using a new database, we estimate the growth effects of vertical and horizontal US MNE activity into 44 host countries over the period 1983–2003, also using traditional total FDI figures as a benchmark. Controlling for endogeneity and absorptive capacity effects, we find that horizontal and vertical FDI have positive and significant growth effects in developed countries. Moreover, our results indicate a superior growth effect of horizontal FDI over vertical FDI. In line with existing literature, we find no significant effects of horizontal or vertical FDI in developing countries.     

The impact of minimum goals and aspirations on judgments of success in negotiations

Experiment 1 examined the impact of minimum goals and aspiration values on feelings of success. Negotiators with low minimum goals felt more successful than did those with higher minimum goals, even though their final settlements were identical. Furthermore, negotiators with low aspirations felt more successful than did negotiators with higher aspirations, even though the final settlement was identical. Experiment 2 examined the relative impact of minimum goals and aspirations and found that aspirations influenced negotiators' perceptions of success more than did minimum goals. Experiment 3 examined how goals affected the demands negotiators made to their opponents. Negotiators with low minimum goals and high aspirations demanded more from their opponents than did negotiators with high minimum goals and low aspirations. In general, aspirations, as compared to minimum goals, exerted a more powerful influence on the demands people made to others in negotiations and how successful they felt about negotiated outcomes.This research was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation, #SES8921926, #SE9210298, and PYI9157447. Research reported in this article was completed while the author was a fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences with the support of NSF grant SBR8921926. I thank Terri DeHarpport, Dennis Hrebec, and Linda Palmer for helpful comments and suggestions on earlier drafts of this article.     

The impact of the financial crisis on the real economy

The cost of the financial crisis to the real economy has so far remained underexamined, probably because of the difficulty in making such an assessment. The crisis was precipitated by an unsustainable bubble that artificially inflated economic figures, so what should be used as a benchmark for measuring the effects of the crisis on the real economy? How reliable are current estimates of the output gap? Could overestimating this indicator lead to underestimating the current risk of inflation? Finally, what effect will the crisis have on the declining long-term productivity gains in Europe and the USA, and what does this mean for potential output?     

The rise of vertical specialization trade

Manufacturing and vertical specialization (VS) trade, trade in goods that incorporate imported inputs, have grown rapidly since the 1960s. I argue that declining trade costs are an important explanation for these facts. I present a three stage vertical specialization trade model, with raw materials, manufactured parts and final goods sectors. In the simulated model, falling trade costs explain much of the observed growth in overall and VS trade. Manufacturing trade grows twice as fast as overall trade. Raw materials trade was more important in the 1960s when trade costs were high, since their production is more strongly linked to endowments than manufacturing. Therefore, materials will be traded even when trade costs are high. Trade costs have fallen more for manufactured goods over the last 40 years, leading to a rapid expansion of manufactured parts trade relative to materials.     

The impact of the introduction of the Euro on firms' expectations

Firms' expectations regarding their ability to enter new markets and to develop new products, and concerning the foreign competition they will face in future, are strongly affected by the introduction of the euro. The following article analyzes these expectations using panel data taken from a quarterly business survey in the service sector. Helpful comments from our colleagues Friedrich Heinemann, Georg Licht and Herbert S. Buscher on earlier drafts of this paper are gratefully acknowledged. We are also indebted to Enrico Steeb and Rolf Kempkes for their helping hand in setting up the data set and to Christina Kaiser for research assistence. We also wish to thank Semka Thorvaldsen for proof-reading.     

电子商务的发展对传统商务的冲击

90年代以后电子商务的发展非常迅速,随着国际互联网和电子商务的相关技术不断成熟,电子商务以更为惊人的速度发展.美国ForresterResearch公司的调查显示,电子商务将成为全球发展最快的商务模式.蓬勃发展的全球性电子商务模式对传统商务模式产生了巨大的冲击.现本文就什么是电子商务,和电子商务对传统商务的冲击进行简述.     

The impact of the Generalized System of Preferences on imports

Although the EC’s Generalized System of Preferences has been in force since July 1, 1971, vagueness still prevails with regard to the question to what extent the system has contributed to the lowering of tariff barriers and of what service it has thus been as a tool for the promotion of exports from the developing countries. Now that EC statistics on preferential imports in 1973–1976 are available, it is for the first time possible to undertake a detailed evaluation of the GSP in the light of more germane and comprehensive evidence than the general foreign trade statistics and a few incidental figures at hand previously.     

民营企业家:商场成功没有密码

上海法戈国际贸易有限公司在起步之年不但能够生存并有较快的发展。一个注册资金100万人民币的民营小企业，七八名员工，进出口贸易额居然能做到一年数百万美元，其中必有道道。记者有心探个究竟。在上海外贸协会丁士英副会长的牵线下．我们采访了朱士铮总经理。     

试析交通运输对经济发展的影响

交通运输是社会存在和发展的基础前提,是国民经济发展中的重要基础设施和产业.本文分析了交通运输和经济发展间的内在联系,进一步阐述交通运输对社会经济发展的影响.     

The impact of the lost decade on advertising in Japan

This study describes the perceptions of Japanese advertising professionals regarding the evolution of advertising planning and execution over a three-decade period. Senior management and creatives from 18 of Japan’s top agencies participated in extensive in-person interviews to compare the traditional nature of Japanese advertising with that of the US, and to explore factors that may have caused a shift in the style of Japanese advertising since the 1980s ‘bubble economy’. A grounded theory approach was utilised as an interpretive methodology. The study finds that the dramatic recession experienced during Japan’s ‘lost decade’ indeed had a strong influence on the nature of Japanese advertising. Along with additional factors such as changes in the media landscape and the adoption of American-born audience measures, economic uncertainty during the 1990s pushed adverting agencies towards a more direct and persuasive selling approach. This trend contrasts sharply with a general societal shift from materialist to post-materialist values in Japan during this period.     

The two-dimensional impact of color on shopping

Prior research has typically grouped color effects into a single class of effects and has ignored situational aspects of consumer responses to color. In the present study, color effects are shown to exhibit different patterns depending on the type of response examined. Further, these effects are described as a function of color wavelength. Evaluative effects are most positive at the short wavelength (blue) end of the visible spectrum, while the activation response engendered by color exhibits a U-shaped pattern across wavelengths. Results of the study support the existence of these two distinct dimensions, and potential applications of the findings are discussed.The author wishes to thank Mark Alpert, Joe Cote, Pam Henderson, Wayne Hoyer and Eric Spangenberg for their helpful comments.     

会计电算化发展对传统会计的影响

随着电子信息产业的不断发展,会计电算化在社会经济中的运用越来越广泛。会计电算化是会计发展史上的一次重大革命,它的运用和推广必将使传统会计工作的职能迎来一次较大的变革。本文对会计电算化及其特征讨论的基础上,深入地研究了会计电算化发展对传统会计的影响,指出会计电算化对传统会计的会计理论、会计实务、审计以及内部控制方面都产生了一定的影响。     

The impact of economic downturns on marketing

The Great Recession of 2008–2010 affected the global and U.S. economies and its companies more universally than any economic downturn since the Great Depression. This study explores how the Great Recession influenced the marketing decisions of firms and the resulting long-term effects on marketing within business-to-business companies. Empirical evidence from previous recessions suggests that companies should focus on their customers and increase their marketing efforts during a recession. However, many companies typically slash their marketing budgets during economic downturns. Authors found that during the Great Recession, companies reacted differently than in previous recessions with their marketing responses. Authors conclude their analysis by proposing that the Great Recession will have three long-term effects on marketing in business-to-business companies.     

The impact of broadband on jobs and the German economy

This study calculates the impact of investment in broadband technology on German employment and economic output. Two sequential investment scenarios are analysed: the first one reflects the government’s National Broadband Strategy that extends through 2014, and the second covers the ultra-broadband evolution from 2015 to 2020. The authors conclude that the required investment of close to 36 billion euros is justifi ed by the substantial benefi ts that would be generated in terms of both additional jobs and GDP growth.     

The impact of digital transformation on the retailing value chain

Consumers have traditionally made purchase decisions at the store shelf, giving institutional brick-and-mortar retailers great power to learn about and influence behaviors and preferences. With the rise of e-commerce, mobile shopping, and most recently smart technologies, new competitors threaten this long-standing supremacy. Adopting a value-creation perspective, we analyze how digitization started the erosion of institutional retailing as the primary interface to the customer. We develop a framework that identifies five new sources of value creation and propose how these advance and transform competition for this interface. Depending on the importance of the new sources of value creation (in different purchase situations), stationary retailing may prevail as an important interaction point in a multichannel decision journey. However, increasing diffusion of branded-product platforms including connected devices and online retail platforms is shifting this authority to new players. For the parties involved in this multilayered competition, acknowledging the changes and actively managing their position in the evolving eco-systems is crucial.     

浅析内部审计对财务的影响

随着我国企业改革的不断深入,企业财务管理呈现出一些突出的问题,制约着企业的健康快速发展.新形势下,企业应通过重新定位内部审计的职能和作用,强化企业内部审计,提高财务管理水平.本文就内部审计对企业财务管理的影响谈几点粗浅认识.     

The impact of the meal situation on the consumption of ready meals

The context in which a meal is eaten is known to affect intake and choice of food. The purpose of this study was to investigate in what typical situations ready meals are consumed and if consumer demands vary according to different situations. With a market survey four typical ready meal eating situations were identified, and the respondent's ready meal consumption was shown to be affected by situational factors. In the different eating situations there were dissimilar reasons for consumption. Two ready meal eating situations were investigated in greater detail in order to establish what triggered the ready meal consumption in these situations. One of these meal situations proved to be convenience driven and the other time driven. A situation‐oriented approach is suggested for further ready meal product development.