浅谈劳务经济与“三农”问题的解决

“三农”问题的关键是农民，农民问题的关键是增收，增收问题的关键是就业。农业地区要加快发展，必须求真务实，用非农化的理念来谋划农业，跳出“三农”抓“三农”，减少农民富农民。用非农化来带动农村工业化、城镇化和农业现代化，同时还要找到突破口，找准着力点，目前，对于我国许多农村地区来说这个突破口和着力点就是大力发展劳务经济。发展劳务经济投资少见效快，是这些地区解决“三农”问题的有效途径。     

“三农”改革的核心问题

农业、农村和农民问题成为近几年各界关注的焦点。如何有效地解决“三农”问题,从理论到实践已有很多研究,但就一些焦点问题仍存在分歧。本文力图从“三农”问题的表象入手,指出其问题的核心是农民问题,导致农村贫困的根源是社会制度层面的改革滞后,解决“三农”问题的根本出路是“非农化”与“城镇化”合二为一的制度安排。     

农民增产不增收的原因及增收途径探讨

“三农”问题的核心是农民问题,农民问题的核心是农民增收问题,但农民增产不增收的现实证明试图从农业内部增加农民经营性收入上解决农民收入增长问题是很难的,只有通过“非农化”途径,减少农民,增加农民工资性收入,才是促进农民增收的根本途径。     

开展农村职业教育 促进农村富余劳动力转移

全面建设小康社会，农村是关键。促进农民增收的有效方式之一是大力实施农村劳动力的非农化战略，让大批农村富余劳动力向非农产业和城镇转移，跳出农业寻找解决“三农”问题的出路。当前，在农村积极推广对劳动力的职业教育是农民市民化迫切需要解决的问题。     

引入公司管理机制解决“三农”问题

农业、农村和农民问题的核心是农民问题,解决“三农”问题的关键是不断增加农民收入,缩小城乡之间、地区之间的收入差距.把公司管理制度引进农村是增加农民收入的关键,农民用土地作为资本进行投资,年终分红,解决了农民进城的后顾之忧,加快农民城市化的速度,从根本上解决“三农”问题.     

农民分流:为了明天更美好

兴国县是一个传统农业大县,全县73万人口中有农业人口60万。农业的发展,农村的稳定,农民的增收,直接影响到全县“全面小康”目标的实现。而农村人口非农化,农村城市化,农业工业化更是这一问题的“瓶颈”。因此,农民分流就成了目前“三农”问题的重中之重。跳出“农门”,外面的世界好精彩农民分流,不但要使农村富余劳力分流,更要使农村人口分流。目前,兴国县人均耕地约1亩,在60余万农村人口中,有劳力40余万人,而农业生产实际只需21余万人,全县农村富有劳力约18万。可以说,每一个3-5人的小家庭中就有一名剩余劳力。因此,分流农村人口,减少农民…     

浅谈农村剩余劳动力转移

农业、农民、农村问题是影响我国经济发展、社会福利与社会保障提高以及社会可持续发展的重大问题,这个问题的解决不仅对于实现本世纪经济目标、全面实现现代化具有重要现实意义,而且对于社会稳定与长治久安关系重大。“三农”问题解决的根本出路在于在全面提高农业劳动生产率、农业人口非农化的基础上实现农民收入增加,与此同时提高整体农村人口素质。下表是关于农村人口及劳动力结构的数据,数据来源于《中国统计年鉴》。     

从发展生产力剖解"三农"问题

“三农”是当代中国重中之重的难解问题，宜从源头上加以剖析，顺乎规律才能解决。在“三农”问题中，农民是从事农业的劳动者，实是农村人口进而城市人口问题；农村是承栽农业的地区，主要是农村土地问题；农业是“三农”中的根本，实是农民与农地的结合方式问题。“三农”问题根本在于解决落后的农业生产方式。     

谁来构筑农业生产"保护网"

民为国之本,农为民之本。农业是国民经济的基础,农业、农村和农民问题关系到经济社会发展的全局。去年以来,中共中央国务院连续两年都以农业和农民增收为主题下发了一号文件,解决“三农”问题,实现农业增效和农民增收,已成为当前工作的重中之重。甘肃省作为一个西部欠发达的农业省份,“三农”问题尤为突出,而要解决“三农”问题,其关键是防范农业风险,发展农村保障体系,持续提高农民收入。惟有农民的腰包鼓了,农村经济发展了,才能真正实现农村社会的长治久安。甘肃省农业发展和农民收入现状甘肃是一个农业大省,农业人口占全省总人口的72.9%,…     

农民增收要实现“六个转变”

温家宝总理在今年的政府工作报告中把“三农”问题提高到十分重要的位置,充分体现了党中央、国务院对农民、农业和农村工作的高度重视。解决“三农”问题,核心是解决农民增收问题。在新时期,如何真正贯彻落实党中央、国务院对“三农”工作的战略决策,大力促进农民增收?结合我县的实际情况,笔者认为关键要实现“六个转变”:一、由小农经济向农业产业化转变,大力推进产业结构调整农村经济的弱质特征和传统的小农经济的生产模式,造成小生产与大市场之间的矛盾难以克服,农业抵御市场风险的能力相当薄弱,农民能以增收,农民也不能依靠不完备的农村…     

对我国农村金融问题的思考

"三农"问题,是我国经济发展的根本问题,也是我国历届政府必须关注与解决的问题。"三农"问题的解决,核心是增加农民收入,而农民增收必须依赖于农村金融的发展和支持。本文通过对我国农村金融现状的分析,阐述其存在的问题,并提出解决我国农村金融问题的建议。     

小企业集群发展与“三农”问题缓解:广西的证据

“三农问题”的缓解有赖于农业产业结构调整、农村城市化实现和农民收入增长三者协调一致。西部地区城乡差距拉大、大量农村富余劳动力沉淀,农民收入增长缓慢制约了农村经济社会的可持续发展。从广西一些县域经济发展的经验看,发展农村小企业集群是落后地区缓解“三农”问题的有效路径。落后地区农村小企业集群的发展,不能盲目复制发达区域的模式,而要注重对区域要素的有效整合,在这个过程中,制定企业集群发展政策,准确定位政府角色,培育本地企业家,强化小企业集群的地域根植性越发迫切。     

科技支撑农业：我国农业发展的现实路径

技术进步能突破资源约束，带动经济增长。我国粮食增产、农业增长方式转变、农民增收都急需科技的强力支持。而我国农业科技自主创新能力不强，支撑能力薄弱。我们迫切需要强化科技攻关、狠抓技术推广、刺激技术需求、加强农民培训，让科技来支撑农业发展，这是我国农业发展的现实选择。     

公平与效率视域下的“三农问题”探讨

从经济哲学理论方面来看,三农问题的实质是公平和效率的问题。改变我国现行的“效率优先,兼顾公平”,倡导“公平与效率并重”的原则,三农问题才能够得到有效的解决。三农问题的核心是农民问题,关键是农民增收,在现行的政策、制度的基础上加大对农民的扶持力度,使农民的收入有     

China＇s Economy in 2005： At a New Turning Point and Need to Fix Its Development Problems

I. High Growth, Higher Stakes China’s economy in 2005 experienced another year of surging growth, with its total GDP(based on recent revision) expanding at 9.9 percent to reach 18.23 tn yuan (US$2.26 tn).1 Growth in 2005 was slightly lower than the 10.1 percent in 2004; but it was nonetheless very high. Sustained high growth is accompanied by potential high risks, and it inevitably raises the issue of future sustainability of high growth. Although the Chinese economic policy-makers in 200…     

控制重庆农村居民收入区域差距的对策分析

重庆划为直辖市以来,农村居民收入总体水平虽然有所提高,但增长缓慢,同时各经济区域间农民收入出现显著差异,并有逐步扩大的趋势,成为影响农民生活和农村社会稳定的重要问题,本文根据相关统计资料,通过对不同区域间农村居民收入差异及其变动情况的分析,探索了影响农民收入区域差距的原因,并为增加农村居民收入,控制农民收入差距提出了对策与建议。     

工业化进程中的农业剩余劳动力转移——基于我国工业化资本排斥劳动的经验分析

二元经济理论是早期发展经济学的一个重要理论,它指出将传统农业部门的剩余劳动力向现代工业部门转移,不仅可以解决很多剩余劳动力的就业和增加这部分劳动力的收入,而且可以增加现代工业部门的产出和积累。反过来,现代工业部门的不断增长使之能吸收更多农业剩余劳动力。然而,我国农业剩余劳动力的转移却没有按照刘易斯过程一帆风顺的发展,而是表现了转移的艰难,目前我国还存在大量的农业剩余劳动力。针对这一现象,本文从我国工业化进程角度探索了它对我国农业剩余劳动力转移的影响,并认为目前的工业化进程并不十分有利于农业剩余劳动力转移,而是表现了资本排斥劳动的趋势。因此,本文认为在短期内用“两条腿走路”仍是解决我国农业剩余劳力就业问题的基本思路。     

China's Surplus Agricultural Labour Force: It's Size,Transfer, Prospects for Absorption and Effects of the Double-Track Economic System*

The commune economy had two basic characteristics: one was its three-grade pyramid-type structure of organisation which integrated government administration and economic management; and the other was its “self-sufficient” and “closed-door” character. Under this system farmers had no free choice about their occupation and place of residence. With the collapse of the commune system, institutional reorganisation of China's rural economy occurred. Farmers had more choice now about their production, their occupation and place of residence based on the development of a modern commodity and market economy. In this process of institutional reorganisation, transfer of surplus agricultural labour is a key factor. The concept of the agricultural labour surplus is discussed and discussions in English of this concept and associated theory and policy are reviewed. With reform of rural economy and improvement of agricultural labour productivity, the quantity of surplus labour in rural China has increased. Greater labour absorption is required in both agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, but particularly in non-agricultural sectors. In China, several impediments to transfer of surplus agricultural labour still exist. The transfer of surplus agricultural labour in contemporary China occurs in the context of a nationwide “double-track” economic system (a market-oriented economic system harnessed to a centrally planned and controlled economic system) and a “dual economy” in which modern industries exist alongside a traditional indigenous agricultural economy. Income gains provide the main motivation for farmers to transfer to non-agricultural activities. It is the income difference between farming and non-farming activity, not whether the marginal labour productivity in farming is zero that is important. By building and developing free or open markets one provides a suitable climate for labour transfer and migration. In the absence of free or open markets, farmers have little free choice. The continuing system of household registration is a serious institutional barrier to transfer or migration by farmers. Furthermore, the system of equal farmland contracts also hinders the process of transfer or migration. This might be overcome by allowing the transfer of rights to use farmland and facilitating “part-time” transfer of agricultural labour. Withdrawal of “surplus labour” from farming can cause grain output to drop. This can occur because if “better” farmers leave agriculture, the quality of farm labourers as a whole declines and because of a rigid price system which discriminates against agricultural products. While current transfers of surplus agricultural labour in China may well have increased income inequality between rural residents and between regions, if there had been greater freedom of migration this might have resulted in less income inequality. To the extent that market reform in China has resulted in greater freedom of economic choice, it appears to have increased the level of production obtained from China's limited resources. This is not to say that the market system will result in a perfect solution even though the economic results can be expected to be much superior to the commune system adopted in the past by China.     

湘西州农村医疗保险现状、问题及对策研究

农村医疗保险关系到农民的切身利益,而农村医疗保险的发展速度却十分缓慢,这与农民的需求存在表面上的不一致和实质意义上的不匹配。湘西农村医疗保险业之所以发展速度缓慢,不仅是农民的经济收入偏低、素质低下等原因;同时,保险公司的不作为与乱作为也是束缚其发展的重要原因。规范并简化理赔程序,强化保险公司的诚信意识将有助于这一问题的解决。     

How Forward Looking Are Consumers? Further Evidence for the United States

This paper extends a standard model of consumption to test for the existence of “myopic” consumers. The extended model includes “rule-of-thumb” consumers as well as consumers who are assumed to solve a dynamic programming problem. The model allows this second set of consumers, however, to be “boundedly rational.” For a variety of reasons, they may be unable to fully account for their future uncertain labor income. The model predicts that this inability to correctly value future resources leads to the breakdown of the simple permanent income hypothesis and that consumption responds to predictable changes in income. Using data for the United States for the period 1951-1990, the paper finds evidence of such myopic behavior.