Sectoral Wage Rigidities and Labour and Product Market Institutions in the Euro Area

We estimate wage Phillips curve relationships between sectoral wage growth, unemployment and productivity in a country-industry panel of euro area countries. We find that institutional rigidities – such as labour and product market institutions and regulations – limit the adjustment of euro area wages to unemployment, in both upturns and downturns, particularly in manufacturing and, to a lesser extent, in the construction and service sectors. In addition, there are further limitations in the response of wages to changes in unemployment during economic downturns which suggests that euro area wages are also characterised by significant downward wage rigidities, especially in the manufacturing sector. These results are robust to specifications that account for factors that may affect structural unemployment (such as duration-dependent unemployment effects), as well as changes in the skill composition of employment that may affect the evolution of aggregate wages. The results also hold for panels including or excluding the public sector (where wages may be determined differently to the private sector also due to the effects of fiscal consolidation on public sector wages during the crisis). From a policy perspective, reforms in product and labour markets which reduce wage rigidities can facilitate employment growth and enhance the rebalancing process in the euro area.     

中国城市正规就业与非正规就业的工资差异——基于非正规就业异质性的收入差距分解

本文使用2010年中国城市劳动力抽样调查数据,考虑非正规就业内部异质性分解了不同就业类型的工资差距来源。结果表明:在控制了就业的选择偏误和个人特征后,虽然不能解释正规就业者与非正规受雇者工资差异来源的全部,但两类就业群体工资差异的大部分被个人可观测特征所解释。其中,特征效应占79.3%,分割效应解释了20.7%的工资差异来源;正规就业者和自我经营者的收入差异则完全可以由两类就业群体之间的特征差异来解释。这在一定程度上反映出劳动力市场是竞争且具有一定效率的,政策调节的重点应根据劳动者的可观测特征,实施市场为导向的措施来减少劳动力市场上的工资性收入差距。     

The Chinese State Enterprise Sector: Labour Market Reform and the Impact on Male–Female Wage Structure

The paper examines the wage structure in the Chinese state enterprise sector between 1981 and 1987. This period is of particular interest given the introduction of major labour market reforms in China during the early 1980s. In essence the reforms represented a movement away from administratively determined prices towards a market–oriented system combined with a relatively flexible system of labour allocation. The Juhn, Murphy and Pierce (1991) decomposition is employed to shed light on the role of changing labour market institutions over the period.
JEL classification : J 31; J 16     

The Part-Time Wage Gap: a Career Perspective

Summary  Because promotions are an important source of wage growth, we argue that the low incidence of promotions among part-time workers will contribute to the emergence of the part-time wage gap. We test this claim using Dutch employer–employee matched data. We find that the part-time wage gap is absent among young school leavers, but that it is well established among more mature workers. Moreover, we find that promotions account for a wage growth of about eight log points. Finally, workers in part-time jobs experience a lower rate of promotion relative to workers in full-time jobs. We are grateful to the Dutch Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment for granting access to the data. The paper greatly benefited from comments by Daniel Hamermesh, Jonathan Wadsworth, and seminar participants at ZEW in Mannheim, at WPEG conference at York University and Tilburg University. We are also indebted to two anonymous referees for helpful suggestions that substantially improved the quality of the paper. The usual disclaimer applies.     

失地妇女就业及其收入的影响因素分析

本文采用珠江三角洲地区农村失地妇女2005年就业情况的调查数据，首先运用赫克曼两阶段法（Heckman Twoste）修正样本选择偏差，分析了在城市化过程中失去土地的妇女在成为城市居民后就业和收入的决定因素，然后利用MuhinomialLogit模型，分析了影响失地妇女选择不同就业方式的决定因素。结论表明，年龄、教育和培训以及家庭背景分别是影响失地妇女通过自主创业、在劳务市场找到工作、亲戚朋友或妇联找到工作最显著的变量之一。对此，本文提出了提高失地妇女就业率的可供参考的政策建议。     

The Teacher Labour Market and Teacher Quality

A growing body of empirical evidence shows teacher quality tobe the most important schooling factor predicting students'learning gains. Unfortunately, US public schools face difficultiesattracting the best and brightest college graduates. Over thelast several decades there has been a notable shift in the occupationalchoices of prospective teachers. The most academically proficientcollege graduates were, in the 1960s, as likely to enter teachingas any other occupation. Today, however, teachers are disproportionatelydrawn from the lower end of the academic proficiency distribution.We explore these trends and speculate on the reasons for them.In particular, we focus on the roles of compensation structuresand changes in the labour market in explaining the occupationaldecisions made by existing college graduates and what theseforeshadow for the teacher work-force in the future.     

The Labour Market in the New Information Economy

The extension of information and communication technologies(ICT) to economic activity is changing the labour market inimportant ways, This article shows that computerization anduse of the Internet are associated with greater hours workedas well as higher wages; that ICT occupations are rapidly increasingtheir share of employment; that job search and recruitment aremoving rapidly to the Web, with consequences for matching employersand employees; and, possibly most important of all, that tradeunions have begun to use the Internet as a tool for servicingmembers and carrying their messages to the public, raising thepossibility of a major change in the nature of the union movement.     

Full-Time and Part-Time Work and the Gender Wage Gap

Using hourly and weekly wages from the Canadian Labour Force Survey from 2000 until 2018, workers were separated into full-time and part-time and the following striking observation was documented. The overall gender wage gap is larger than either the full-time pay gap or the part-time pay gap, even after controlling for detailed personal and job characteristics. This result is a consequence of two findings: (i) part-time wages are lower than full-time wages, and (ii) the majority of part-time workers are women. In aggregation, this brings down the average female wage, leading to a larger aggregate gender wage gap. This was further linked to a differential selection by gender into full-time and part-time work, with women of higher earnings potential being overrepresented in the pool of part-time workers, resulting in no gender pay gap in the part-time worker category. Policies targeted at encouraging full-time employment for women should therefore reduce the gender wage gap.

     

浅谈塞克斯顿诗中的两性关系

两性关系是美国诗人安妮.塞克斯顿诗歌作品中的一个重要主题。诗人在多篇诗作中描写了存在于现代社会中各种各样的两性关系。塞克斯顿以女性视角细腻地传达出现代女性在恋爱与婚姻中的感受和遭遇,有爱情的甜蜜,也有不幸和痛苦。     

贸易自由化、产业规模与地区工资差距

本文在新经济地理学框架下构建了非对称的三地区空间模型研究贸易自由化、产业规模与地区工资差距的关系。研究结果表明:贸易自由化可能扩大或缩小地区间收入差距,这主要取决于地区相对产业份额以及本地与国外市场接近程度。当本地接近于国外市场并且产业份额相对较小时,贸易自由化与区域间收入差距呈倒"U"型关系;否则,贸易自由化扩大区域间的收入差距。使用1992～2008年中国27个省份面板数据证实了该假说,这也解释了Egger et al.(2005)与Redding和Sturm(2008)研究结论迥异的原因。此外,贸易自由化有利于各区域工资水平的提高,对产业份额较小地区尤为明显。     

The Wage Elasticity of Labour Supply: A Synthesis of Empirical Estimates

Summary This paper performs a meta-analysis of empirical estimates of uncompensated labour supply elasticities. For the Netherlands, we find that an elasticity of 0.5 for women and 0.1 for men is a good reflection of what the literature reveals. The elasticity for men hardly differs between countries, but for women some cross-country variation is found. The increasing participation rate of women may lead to a somewhat lower elasticity in the future. Both the specification of the hours function and the estimation method are found to affect elasticity estimates.      

论我国劳动力竞争状况与政府就业目标差异

本文对我国“九五”后期以来城乡劳动力就业中出现的“竞争-互补”状况进行了客观描述，在此基础上探讨了中央政府与地方政府之间在劳动力流动与就业目标上存在的差异。论述了经济转轨阶段的城乡劳动力流动问题是与我国特定的历史发展阶段与行政体制密切相关联的。从增强城乡劳动力就业的竞争性，促进两类劳动力市场的一体化目标出发，国家在宏观配套政策方面应着重从转变政府职能，促进区域经济一体化以及加快户籍制度改革等方面采取措施。     

垄断竞争、产业内贸易与相对工资差距

本文首先运用理论模型推导出垄断竞争市场条件下产业内贸易与行业相对工资差距之间的关系。理论结果显示,当产品的产出技能替代弹性(高技术工人相对雇佣量的变化率/产出的变化率)为正时,产业内贸易将会扩大相对工资差距;当产品的产出技能替代弹性为负时,产业内贸易将会缩小相对工资差距。然后以中美工业制成品产业内贸易为例对该结论进行验证,计量检验结果表明,我国制成品的产出技能替代弹性为正,中美工业制成品产业内贸易扩大了相对工资差距。     

The Recent Performance of the UK Labour Market

We consider both the overall macroeconomic performance of theUK labour market since 1997, as well as some of the underlyingmicro problems, particularly those facing unskilled workers,On the macro front, we have seen unemployment decline to itslowest level for a generation without excessive inflationarypressure. The main factors behind this decline in equilibriumunemployment stem from actions taken by the previous government.Changes introduced in the labour market since 1997 are likelyto have only small effects on equilibrium unemployment. Underlyingthis favourable aggregate labour-market performance are seriousproblems facing unskilled men who have seen dramatic increasesin their unemployment and inactivity rates, concentrated particularlyin Wales and the northern regions of Britain. The policy responsesince 1997 has focused on encouraging the unskilled into work(the New Deal) while simultaneously raising the rewards forworking (the minimum wage, tax credits). These policies havehad a positive impact on youth employment and have significantlyreduced child poverty. So far, however, existing policies donot seem likely to have a serious impact on the high levelsof worklessness among unskilled men.     

制造业的生产分割与工资收入差距:16个行业证据

利用1995～2007年中国16个制造行业的数据,并运用动态面板数据模型来探讨影响中国行业内工资收入差距的原因。研究发现,在国际生产分割条件下,中国制造业企业大量进口中间产品,利用相对低廉的劳动力进行加工和组装,并最终出口到发达国家。在这个过程中企业偏好高技能的劳动力,相应地,高技能劳动力工资收入比低技能劳动力增长的更快,国际生产分割扩大了行业内工资收入差距。企业的研发活动增加了高技能劳动力相对需求,对行业内工资收入差距扩大也有显著的正向影响,而且影响程度要高于其他因素。