Metabolix开发生产生物塑料、燃料的油籽作物

从事生物科学业务的Metabolix公司致力于开发清洁的可持续解决方案用于生产塑料、燃料和化学品，该公司已启动的计划，在于开发先进的工业油籽作物用于生产生物塑料和生物燃料。油籽在美国是每年生产超过2．5亿加仑生物柴油的主要原料，并且用于联产生物塑料以促进提高作物行业的经济性。     

普立万开发生物基塑料增塑剂

专注于混配聚合物生产的美国普立万公司（Polyone）日前宣布,将与美国博泰尔（Barrelle）公司签署协议,接受后者由美国俄亥俄州研宄中心开发的系列生物基增塑剂专利的技术转让。普立万公司将基于这些专利开发各种不同的特种增塑剂和聚氯乙烯混配物。普立万公司表示,他们看好石油基原料制造传统材料的生物基替代物的发展。     

杜邦开发由再生资源制备的生物塑料

美国杜邦公司以玉米糖类制备的生物聚合物Cerenol成为该公司以可再生资源为原料的生物塑料新产品。据称Cerenol系列产品与Du Pont公司的生物塑料Sorana同样是100％以可再生资源为起始原料，具有应用要求的综合性能。其开发目标是替代以石油为原料的塑料。与石油加工产品和其他生物塑料不同，Cerenol容易定做成满足特种要求的最终制品。应用市场包括从个人护理产品到功能流体（传热流体）和弹性体。     

碳科学公司开发CO2转化为纸张技术

碳科学（Carbon Sciences）公司宣布，开发成功将有害的CO2转化为高价值、与地球环境友好的产品技术，其首次应用目标是数十亿美元的全球市场。     

美国开发使生物质有效转化为乙醇的系统

美国爱荷华州立大学的研究人员2008年3月底宣布正在开发采用热化学和催化技术的集成系统,以便使植物生物质有效地转化生产乙醇。美国农业部和能源部提供为期2年390多万美元的研究资金资助。该项目将开发生物质生产乙醇的系统,将植物生物质如谷物秸杆和换季牧草通过快速热解进行破解,该过程在氧气存在、482℃使用热量的情况下,使生物质转化为生物油。     

陶氏化学加快开发甲烷直接转化烯烃技术

陶氏化学公司宣布，投资超过640万美元，以加快开发甲烷直接转化为工业上重要的烯烃和烯烃前身物技术。     

碳科学公司开发CO2转化为燃料技术

碳科学公司是CO2转化碳酸盐技术的开发商,该公司将气体转化为沉积碳酸钙（PCC）用于生产纸张、医药和塑料,该公司现正在开发将CO2转化为低碳烃类（C1-C3）的工艺,以便再进一步改质成较高碳的燃料,如汽油和喷气燃料等。     

碳科学公司开发CO2转化为燃料技术

碳科学公司（Carbon Sciences）是CO2转化碳酸盐技术的开发商,该公司将气体转化为沉积碳酸钙（PCC）用于生产纸张、医药和塑料,该公司宣布,现正在开发将CO2转化为低碳烃类（C1～C3）的工艺过程,以便再进一步改质成较高碳的燃料,如汽油和喷气燃料。     

固特异公司将开发分离和提纯生物异戊二烯的技术

Genencor公司计划建设中型装置以便在2010年6月前共同试验所开发的生物工艺。并计划于2012年建成商业化装置。按照计划,Genencor公司将拥有商业化生物异戊二烯装置,固特异公司将成为该产品的主要购买商。     

鲜明淡黄色将成09年流行色

流行色像是社会心理的一个风向标，时代潮流、现代科技、艺术流派，甚至自然界某种异常现象都能影响风向。特别是当一些色彩被赋予某个时期的象征意义，符合了人们的认识、理想、兴趣、爱好时，那么很容易就会流行开来。近日，美国潘通公司推选一种鲜明的淡黄色为2009年的流行色，该公司表示，因为在经济衰退大环境下，这种活泼阳光的色调可以给处于低谷的人们带来快乐和信心。     

中亚三国对俄出口天然气涨价的影响初探

哈萨克斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦和土库曼斯坦将自2009年起联合提高对俄出口天然气售价,此举是这些国家争取中亚和本国能源利益的一次重要尝试,将产生巨大的地缘经济和地缘政治影响：有可能迫使俄罗斯调整能源战略,削弱俄对中亚及其他独联体国家的控制能力,使欧洲能源安全面临新挑战,加速中亚一体化进程,加剧环里海大国能源博弈,并且可能波及我国与中亚国家及俄罗斯的天然气合作。我国应加强与俄罗斯的战略协作,强化上海合作组织的能源合作,继续加强与哈萨克斯坦、土库曼斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦的友好合作,共同争取建立比较合理和有序的环里海天然气供应体系。     

The gap not only closes: Resistance and reverse shifts in the digital divide in Russia

The reduction of the digital divide due to the availability of the Internet and the improvement of skills is accompanied by reverse and resistance trends associated with the influence of socio-demographic and economic characteristics of users. In this paper, we estimate the volume and dynamics of the digital divide in access and use of the Internet in Russia by key social groups according to a longitudinal survey for 2008–2018. We found that along with the reducing of the digital divide, its gaps still remain. The greatest polarization is associated with the income, age, and type of residence of the respondents. The most vulnerable social groups on access to ICTs and Internet use are the low-income, the elderly, citizens with disabilities, and those living in rural areas. The reverse shifts in the digital divide were recorded mainly in relation to the Internet usage by age between the middle-age and youth and by gender. In addition, we pointed out the most resistance social groups to reduce the digital divide in the period under review, in particular, by income and type of residence of the respondents. The findings contribute to an understanding of the dynamics and social consequences of the digital divide and can be taken into account in social policy and measures.     

从三个层次建设煤炭企业安全文化

安全文化建设是近几年推行的一种先进的安全管理方法。煤炭企业由于行业的特殊性，安全生产状况一直不佳，为彻底改变企业的安全形象，很多煤炭企业对安全文化建设进行了积极探索。笔者认为，煤炭企业应从三个层次进行安全文化建设，即矿井安全文化、区队安全文化和班组安全文化这样自上而下的三个层次进行全面系统的建设。     

Self-confidence does not come isolated from the environment

A smart way to build confidence is to gain the most success within the constraints of the environment. Trying things that the infrastructures fail to support may bring more frustration than confidence. Out of this consideration, Asian researchers might have concentrated on “original equipment manufacturing” type of research—exporting their research to the larger, Western market—in the past due to limited resources and colonial governance. However, with the change in environment, Asian researchers have to undo their old beliefs and participate in building infrastructures that facilitate original and advanced research in management.

实施预算管理健全控制体系

预算是一个单位对未来经济活动的详细计划,是对未来整体经营规划的总体安排。作为一种重要的管理工具,它能够帮助管理者进行计划、协调、控制和业绩考评。推行全面预算管理,对于建立现代企业制度、提高管理水平、增强未来竞争力具有十分重要的意义。实施预算管理是提高北京控制     

Endogenous price commitment,sticky and leadership pricing: Evidence from the Italian petrol market

This article studies dynamic pricing strategies in the Italian gasoline market before and after the market leader unilaterally announced its commitment to adopt a sticky-pricing policy. Using daily Italian firm level prices and weekly average EU prices, we show that the effect of the new policy was twofold. First, it facilitated price alignment and coordination on price changes. After the policy change, the observed pricing pattern shifted from cost-based to sticky-leadership pricing. Second, using a dif-in-dif estimation and a synthetic control group, we show that the causal effect of the new policy was to significantly increase prices through sticky-leadership pricing. Our paper highlights the importance of price-commitment by a large firm in order to sustain (tacit) collusion.     

转变作风创一流

一、深入学习贯彻”三个代表”,认清形势,明确任务,进一步增强做好思想政治工作的责任感和使命感 2002年,是国电公司“求真务实、转变作风年”,是国电电力公司的“深入调查研究年”,也是     

从售后服务看型号研制和生产环节的质量控制

近几年来,中同航天科工防御技术研究院研制生产的多个型号陆续交付部队,极大地提高了部队的战斗力,同时积极开展了售后服务和技术保障工作,为我军装备“两成两力”建设作出了重要贡献。得到了各级领导和使用单位的肯定。     

Per-customer quantity limit and price discrimination: Evidence from the U.S. residential mortgage market

Theoretically, if firms face a regulatory per-customer quantity limit, they should have an incentive to discriminatively charge high-demand customers higher prices and make them just willing to buy a quantity equal to the limit. In the U.S. residential mortgage industry, mortgages with origination balances above the conforming loan limits cannot be guaranteed by government-sponsored enterprises, which make lenders face a per-customer quantity limit. This paper finds that borrowers bunching at the limit pay higher interest rates due to price discrimination. This study rules out the alternative explanation that those borrowers are of higher risk (lending cost) than other borrowers.