The Determinants of Enterprise Risk Management: Evidence From the Appointment of Chief Risk Officers

Enterprise risk management (ERM) has captured the attention of risk management professionals and academics worldwide. Unlike the traditional "silo-based" approach to corporate risk management, ERM enables firms to benefit from an integrated approach to managing risk that shifts the focus of the risk management function from primarily defensive to increasingly offensive and strategic. Despite the heightened interest in ERM, little empirical research has been conducted on the topic. This study provides an initial attempt at identifying the determinants of ERM adoption. We construct a sample of firms that have signaled their use of ERM by appointing a Chief Risk Officer (CRO) who is charged with the responsibility of implementing and managing the ERM program. We use a logistic regression framework to compare these firms to a size- and industry-matched control sample. While our results suggest a general absence of differences in the financial and ownership characteristics of sample and control firms, we find that firms with greater financial leverage are more likely to appoint a CRO. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that firms appoint CROs to reduce information asymmetry regarding the firm's current and expected risk profile.     

我国银行技术风险评级体系研究

金融信息化的“双刃剑”效应,使其在给银行带来各种竞争优势和利益的同时,也给银行业带来了各种与信息技术应用相关的风险——银行技术风险。发达国家商业银行和银行监管当局,已经针对银行技术风险的特点和危害,建立了比较规范的技术风险识别、评估、管理、控制和监管体系。本文在借鉴了国外银行技术风险管理的经验、方法与成果的基础上,结合我国银行技术风险评级的特点,设计了我国银行技术风险评级体系,包括评级模型、指标设计、指标权重设计和评级方法等,并指出在实施该评级体系时应考虑的几个问题。     

商业银行集成风险管理研究

单一的风险管理方式无法应对现代商业银行所面临的风险。集成风险管理成为商业银行风险管理的发展趋势。本文论述了集成风险管理的风险相关性,风险集成技术的研究,并构建了商业银行集成风险管理模型,最后指出了商业银行集成风险管理研究的不足。     

Real Options Analysis: Where Are the Emperor's Clothes?

Once a topic of interest only to finance specialists, real options analysis now receives active, mainstream attention in business schools and industry. This article provides practitioners with a critical review of five well-established real options approaches that are extensively documented in the academic and professional literature. These approaches include the "classic approach" and "revised classic approach" (as proposed by Martha Amram and Nalin Kulatilaka), the "subjective approach" (as proposed by Tim Luehrman), the "MAD Approach" (as proposed by Tom Copeland and Vladimir Antikarov), and the "integrated approach" (as proposed by James Smith and Robert Nau). The article discusses the assumptions, mechanics, and potential range of applications of each approach, along with the results when applied to a simple case involving development of a natural gas field.
While the approaches share a focus on investment flexibility and shareholder value, they rely on fundamentally different assumptions, use significantly different techniques, and can produce dramatically different results. Consequently, a great deal of thought must go into selecting and applying them in practice. The revised classic approach appears to be best suited to cases dominated either by "market" risk or "private" risk alone, and where approximate results are acceptable and resources are limited. The integrated approach is best suited to cases with a mix of market and technological risks, and where accuracy and a management roadmap are critical.     

Enterprise Risk Management and the Cost of Capital

Enterprise risk management (ERM) is a process that manages all risks in an integrated, holistic fashion by controlling and coordinating any offsetting risks across the enterprise. This research investigates whether the adoption of the ERM approach affects firms' cost of equity capital. We restrict our analysis to the U.S. insurance industry to control for unobservable differences in business models and risk exposures across industries. We simultaneously model firms' adoption of ERM and the effect of ERM on the cost of capital. We find that ERM adoption significantly reduces firm's cost of capital. Our results suggest that cost of capital benefits are one answer to the question how ERM can create value.     

The technology of benefits outsourcing: helping employees help themselves

The exponential growth of health plan offerings and increased use of defined contribution retirement plans has caused a fundamental shift in the way that benefits management is done. Specifically, the authors point out that we are moving into an era of "self-service" in employee benefits, with employees often taking the role of management of their own benefits through use of technology. Outsourcing benefits management through the use of technology has meant the role of HR departments has shifted from personnel administrators to strategic business partners. By outsourcing administrative functions and maximizing the power of new interactive technology, human resource departments are able to focus on the strategic needs of the company to adapt to the challenges of the future.     

知识型企业激励、代理成本与人力资源绩效

知识型企业作为特殊的现代企业形式,其激励问题是一个跨越公司治理与管理的全新课题。本文从企业资源观点出发,在一个资源平台上通过代理成本廓清了治理和管理中激励的内在逻辑关系,打破了激励的“两分法”,并以人力资源绩效最大化为导向构建了整合的知识型企业激励体系。     

论项目管理对投资效益的支持作用

投资活动具有独特的运行规律，政府和企业在管理模式上现存的缺陷不利于投资效益的实现，有必要在实际 工作中引入项目管理的模式，项目管理以效益为直接目标，以项目为核心，以竞争为手段，以协调为基础，以法律为保障，辅以现代化的项目管理方法和技术，为投资效益的实现铺垫了良好的基础，具有坚实的支撑作用。     

Financial Supervision: Integrated or Specialized?The case of Latin America and the Caribbean

This paper discusses the relative merits of the two approaches of financial regulation and supervision for the case of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). In doing so, it reviews the main arguments advanced in the specialized literature in pro and against of each approach. All the theoretical arguments are contrasted with available country experiences from around the world and discussed with a focus on the Latin American and Caribbean countries. A methodology to analyze the efficacy and the efficiency of each approach in meeting the main objectives of financial regulation is also provided. The paper concludes that in the present circumstances, the net benefits of adopting an integrated approach probably exceed the net benefits stemming from the adoption of a specialized approach for most of the countries in the region.     

国有商业银行的组织革命及其战略意义

21世纪初,中国大型国有商业银行进行了以建立现代金融企业制度为核心,实施管理扁平化、综合化、区域化、国际化和信息化为内容的全新银行组织革命,其战略意义在于实现金融功能新突破,由融资中介转变为注重价值创造的现代全能型金融服务供应商。为此,我国大型国有商业银行需加快经营转型,服务和促进经济发展方式根本转变;加强自律和风险管理,发挥经济社会稳定器的保障作用;加快融入全球金融,提高在国际金融舞台上的话语权;改进和加强金融服务,把服务创造价值和以客户为中心的经营理念贯穿到业务流程的每个环节;加强员工队伍建设,培养造就一大批各个层次的优秀金融人才。     

Implementing ABC: An Australian Feasibility Study

Activity-based costing systems have been one of the most important innovations in accounting practice in recent years, yet we know little about the practical difficulties associated with the design and implementation of such systems. This study examines the objections put forward in the management accounting literature, which suggest that costs outweigh benefits in ABC implementations. The arguments are developed in the context of an Australian feasibility study. Encouraging lessons from the study suggest that a systematic approach to the implementation of ABC will yield significant benefits.     

Accountable clinical management: an integrated approach

Hospitals should move from the traditional siloed approach to managing the clinical side of the enterprise, where finance leaders and clinicians play distinctly different roles without coordination, to an integrated approach that assembles a multidisciplinary team to focus coordinated attention on identifying and pursuing opportunities for clinical process improvement. Senior executives should lead this top-down effort to establish goals and set priorities for action, using an integrated, high-level reporting dashboard that shows overall performance in terms of quality, efficiency, and patient experience. Implementing integrated clinical management requires a clear, consistent communications plan and messaging for physicians and managers to show why it is increasingly necessary for both hospitals and physicians.     

The Boulton & Watt Case: The Crux of Alternative Approaches to Accounting History?

In accounting history, authors who have adopted a ‘Foucauldian’ approach have recently debated with those representing the ‘Neoclassical’ school of thought the relative sophistication and significance of cost accounting developments in the UK and US respectively during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. This paper argues that the differences between the two schools' understandings are important for comprehending the genesis and scope of modern cost and management accounting systems. It re-examines the historical case of Boulton & Watt, an engineering firm believed to have been in the vanguard of British Industrial Revolution accounting practice (Roll, 1930; Pollard, 1965 and 1990; Fleischman and Parker, 1991), in an attempt to clarify some of the key points of difference in the debate. It proposes that the historical crux for deciding where a modern managerial approach to accounting began lies in distinguishing between the development of engineering standards for materials and machine efficiency and the transfer of such performance measurements to human behaviour. A pressing task for historians is to establish when, where, how and why ‘labour standards’ were first articulated on the grounds that such forms of human accounting, by constructing norms of managerial performance, form the basis for modern management control. The paper reviews the primary sources on the history of cost accounting at Boulton & Watt, including the previously-acclaimed development of labour and engine standards. Its findings are that, while the latter were highly sophisticated as measures of engineering performance, they were less so on the economic dimension of cost measurement. Meanwhile, the evidence for labour standards is unconvincing; there was, around 1800, an intense period of investigating labour time and cost, but no subsequent long-term systematic control exercised over them analogous to the modern managerial approach found slightly later in US contexts. The paper suggests that one priority for further research is the detailed examination of early industrial enterprises on both sides of the Atlantic, in order to establish more definitively when, where, how and why this crucial development occurred.     

计算机管理在我国金融风险控制中的作用

随着时代的发展,现代的科技技术已经深深地影响了我们的生活,各行业的领域的业务也已与计算机科学与管理紧密联系,密不可分。当今金融业的营运和管理也与计算机管理融为一体。本文就计算机管理在金融风险的预警、控制等方面进行了探讨和研究。并认为正确认识计算机管理、金融创新、金融风险评估、金融风险控制等方面的作用对维护我国金融安全,促进社会和谐发展,具有重要的现实意义。     

A SENIOR MANAGER'S GUIDE TO INTEGRATED RISK MANAGEMENT

This paper provides an overview of corporate risk management for senior managers. The author discusses the integrated risk management framework, emphasizing that a company can implement its risk management objectives in three fundamental ways: modifying its operations, using targeted financial instruments, or adjusting its capital structure. "Integration" refers both to the aggregation of all risks faced by the firm into a net exposure and to the coordinated use of these three risk management techniques. The author provides a functional analysis of integrated risk management using a wide-ranging set of case illustrations to show how the risk management process influences, and is influenced by, a company's overall strategy and business activities. Based on such analysis, the article concludes by sketching a framework intended to help managers design a value-maximizing, enterprise-wide corporate risk management system.     

Decoupled earnings: An institutional perspective of the consequences of maximizing shareholder value

Recent accounting scandals have brought focus on the role of management in financial statement manipulation. This focus on micro-behavior does not capture the complexities of earnings management. Taking an institutional rather than agency theory approach, earnings management is posited as a decoupled behavior. A behavior that results from not only agency-based motivations of self-interests, but also regulative, normative, and cultural-cognitive legitimacy pressures. Conformity to the central logic of “maximizing shareholder value” found in the “US financial market” institutional field provides the context in which to explore earnings management as a decoupled behavior. Insights for earnings management include the blending of agency and institutional theory perspectives to gain a more complete understanding of the behavior and the positing of a continuum of earnings management conducive to this merger. Institutional theory benefits from exploring the nesting in multiple institutional fields.     

银行信贷过程中的客户融资渠道策略分析

现代银行产品的营销策略已经从"以产品为中心"逐渐发展成为"以客户为中心"的层面,即以客户需求为导向,通过信贷客户经理和企业间的"博弈",在达到营销银行产品目的的同时使企业融资达到最优化.现代意义的客户经理不仅要熟悉原有的贷款操作流程,更多的是要扮演企业融资策划师的角色.本文试从银行信贷客户经理的角度出发,对我国现有不同融资渠道成本进行比较,并在此基础上对企业的融资方案做出具体的情景分析,以揭示银行客户经理对各种融资渠道特征的了解和融资规划的最优化设计在信贷营销过程中的重要作用,力求为银行信贷产品的营销提供一条新思路.     

金融风险综合评估方法最新研究进展

风险管理是金融机构的基本任务之一,如何有效地评估多种金融风险是风险管理者尤为关注的问题。当前金融风险综合评估方法主要采用由上至下法或由下至上法的理论框架。本文从金融风险综合评估方法所需解决的基本问题入手,详细阐述了金融风险计量方法中的主流模型及其研究现状,结合Copula理论介绍了风险综合评估方法的最新进展,并根据综合评估方法中存在的问题讨论了综合评估方法的前景及展望。     

RISK MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES EMPLOYED WITHIN THE U.S. CREDIT UNION INDUSTRY

This paper reports the findings of a national survey regarding the financial management practices of United States credit unions. The US credit union industry is clearly in a period of transition. The study indicates that the way in which credit unions approach financial management may have a decided impact on how successful the industry adjusts to deregulated marketplaces. The research highlights the importance of managed growth through selective product diversification, identification of profitable market niches, and the use of modern risk management techniques.     

企业内部控制专家系统研究——以GLNT集团采购成本控制为例

内部控制系统在内部控制理论转化为实践应用过程中的作用不言而喻,但目前有关内部控制系统的构建,特别是基于现代信息技术的系统构建成果却较缺乏。本文贡献在于,依据专家系统的原理和理论,结合内部控制五要素及特征,提出内部控制专家系统的观念,论证了其建设的现实必要性和技术可行性,初步设计出一个基于知识库的内部控制专家系统模型,建立了一套基于工作分解结构方法、XML/XBRL和知识库技术的系统构建方法,并通过一个内部控制系统建设案例对文中模型及建构方法予以初步应用示例,以期推进我国企业内部控制系统建设由理论研究转向指导实践的进程。