棕地再开发国内外比较研究

在过去两百年里,工业化的快速高速发展既为人类创造了巨大的物质财富,也推动了全球城市化的快速发展。然而随着产业结构转型升级,很多城市面临的是大量的废弃工业用地如何重新利用的问题,这便是"棕地"问题。虽然"棕地"的概念至今尚无统一的标准,引入我国的时间也不长,没有引起相关研究者足够重视,但在我国"棕地"问题已经开始出现,必须引起我们的足够重视。本文通过探讨"棕地"的概念和分类,通过对发达国家治理对策的分析,从国内外棕地的研究历史出发,探讨后工业化阶段我国可以借鉴的经验并提出棕地开发的对策。     

"棕地"揭秘

"棕地"一词,对我国大部分读者都很陌生,但在发达国家,它早已是一个众所周知的概念。广义上讲,棕地与绿地是一组相对应的概念,是指已开发、利用过并已废弃的土地。广为各界接受的棕地概念,是美国环保局和住房与城市发展部所下的定义:"棕地为已被废弃的、闲置的或未被完全利用的工业或商业用地,其扩展或再开发受现有或潜在的环境污染(影响)而变得复杂"。在英国,棕地是指"被以前的工业使用污染,可能会对一般环境造成危害,但有逐渐增强的清理与再开发需求"的用地。     

基于生命周期理论的无锡市锡山区棕(褐)地再利用环境风险综合评价

研究目的:以生命周期理论为基础,建立定量评价棕(褐)地再利用环境风险的评价体系与方法,并以无锡市锡山区为例验证其有效性。研究方法:系统分析法、层次分析法和灰色评价法。研究结果:(1)棕(褐)地再利用全生命周期可划分为确认准备、控制治理、维护监管三大阶段,各阶段包含政策法律风险、经济风险、组织风险、污染风险等8个要素;(2)锡山区棕(褐)地再利用环境风险处于中等水平,由于棕(褐)地的污染性、复杂性,仍应对棕(褐)地环境风险进行必要的控制。研究结论:运用层次分析法和灰色评价法对棕(褐)地再利用进行环境风险综合评价具有一定的价值与可操作性。     

中国城镇低效用地再开发的现实困境与理性选择

研究目的:深入分析城镇低效用地再开发面临的问题,总结地方实践创新经验,提出进一步推进城镇低效用地再开发的建议。研究方法:文献研究法和对比研究法。研究结果:中国城镇低效用地再开发面临资金短缺、产权复杂等现实困难,主要原因是规则的制约和缺失,对广东、浙江、辽宁3个省份集体建设用地管理、违法用地处理、出让方式改进等方面的创新进行了总结。研究结论:城镇低效用地再开发既是现实需要,又有一定的政策空间,应在全国层面完善集体建设用地管理、违法用地处理、土地出让和强制力运行等规则,按照科学规划、市场导向、利益共享的原则推进工作。     

部分国家和地区土地空间利用法律制度比较

研究目的：借鉴部分国家和地区空间利用法律制度的设计模式,讨论中国分层建设用地使用权构建的关键问题。研究方法：文献查阅法,理论研究法。研究结果：土地利用的立体化,导致了一些国家土地权利观念和土地立法模式的转变;中国也面临着土地空间利用法律制度建立和完善的挑战。研究结论：中国在土地空间制度立法、分层建设用地使用权的空间范围、相邻权利人权利的限制与扩张等问题上可以借鉴美国、德国、日本、台湾等地空间利用法制设计的经验。     

浅析韩日发展经验对我国农村旅游开发的影响与借鉴

农村旅游开发是解决我国农村经济发展问题的一个重要途径,有效吸收和借鉴发达国家的成熟经验可以使我们少走弯路。本文通过对韩国、日本发展经验的简要分析,指出对我国农村旅游开发的影响与借鉴。     

国外流域地区开发与治理经验借鉴

江河流域治理事关国家和地区发展,各国结合自己国家的经济社会发展情况形成了各异的开发治理经验。本文选取了美国密西西比河流域、田纳西河流域,欧洲"莱茵河—多瑙河"流域作为研究案例,分析总结出3个流域地区开发治理的特征与经验,并从空间格局、流域规划制定、产业转型升级角度总结这些经验对长江经济带发展的借鉴意义。     

发达国家志愿服务经验借鉴

志愿服务作为推进社会治理的基本力量,在社会治理中具有非常重要的社会价值.发达国家志愿服务具有起步早、法制健全、政府重视、社会认同度高等特点.因此,从国际视角出发,借鉴发达国家志愿服务经验,对勾勒我国志愿服务发展蓝图具有重要的意义.     

城市棕地信息识别及数据库建设方法研究 —— 以长春市为例

研究目的:结合国内外城市棕地特点,归纳基于城市规划的城市棕地识别和数据库建设方法。研究方法:结合城市总体规划,使用城市总体规划现状图作为底图,分三步对城市棕地信息进行提取,并基于此运用CAD、ArcGIS等软件对已识别的城市棕地信息进行汇总,建立城市棕地数据库。研究结果:(1)城市棕地识别方法具体步骤包括:1用地性质筛选;2废弃地块及污染特征筛选;3实地现场勘查及统计资料补充。(2)城市棕地数据库的建设方法具体步骤为:棕地信息识别—棕地信息录入ArcGIS—构建城市棕地数据库—棕地信息复核—棕地信息补充(随时补充)—棕地信息分析。(3)长春市中心城区共识别出城市棕地441块,其中步骤一、二识别棕地占最终识别总数的87%。研究结论:城市棕地信息识别和数据库建设是城市棕地改造的基础和先决条件。基于城市总体规划和地理信息系统的城市棕地信息识别和数据库建设方法适用于中国国情,是一种可行且有效的方法。     

国外滨水区开发及其对上海黄浦江两岸开发的启示

城市滨水区是指城市中陆域与水域相连的一定区域的总称,一般由水域、水际线和陆域三部分组成。近年来,滨水区开发成为国内城市规划和开发的热点。对滨水区的开发,不只在中国是热点,在世界其他国家同样是开发建设的热点。（张庭伟,1999）英国、美国、日本等发达国家早在20世纪70年代就已经开始滨水区开发的探索,并且取得了一定的经验。本文考察国外有代表性的滨水区开发建设的经验,以期对上海黄浦江两岸开发起到一定的借鉴作用。     

Governing farmland conversion: Comparing China with the Netherlands and Germany

Farmland conversion has become an increasing concern in China and other parts of the world, including Europe and the USA. Be it for environmental or food security reasons, questions arise concerning how urbanization should be governed, i.e. what rules and regulations could enhance the efficiency and sustainability of land use. Taking a first step toward answering such questions, this paper describes different governance structures for farmland conversion in the Netherlands, Germany, and China. Secondly, it compares five identified differences between these countries in the realms of land property, land use planning, the role of the market, the role of government, and the performance of governance structures. The purpose of this paper is to develop an approach for comparing governance structures for land conversion that: (a) offers some opportunities for exchange of experience between the three countries and (b) provides a framework for further research on governance structures in farmland conversion.     

Heterogeneous governance capabilities,reference emission levels and emissions from deforestation and degradation: A signaling model approach

Heterogeneous governance capabilities of developing countries are one of the major challenges to the effectiveness of REDD+ projects. Consequently, the effects of heterogeneous governance capability, and reference emission levels on emissions from deforestation and degradation under information asymmetry, are both theoretically and empirically analyzed by using two signaling models to interrogate the panel data during the period 2011–2015 from 13 partner developing countries involved in the UN-REDD Programme. Empirical results confirm that compensation payments based on heterogeneous governance capability can improve the incentive effectiveness of such compensation payments in REDD+ projects, thereby making developing countries more willing to reduce their emissions from deforestation and degradation. Furthermore, higher baseline targets for reducing emissions can lead to greater efforts to reduce emissions. Therefore, the heterogeneous governance capabilities of developing countries should be considered in calculating the level of compensation payment for future REDD+ projects. Instead of a uniform compensation payment for all developing countries, compensation payments should be distributed according to the heterogeneous governance capabilities of each of those developing countries.     

矿山生命周期性环境治理模式探析

我国通过倡导绿色勘查、推进绿色矿山建设,在矿山环境治理方面取得阶段性成效,但仍存在着矿山环境治理碎片化和中空化等问题。文章在研究矿业发达国家矿山环境治理模式基础上,结合我国国情研究提出我国建立矿山生命周期性环境治理体系建议,包括鼓励探索最佳工业实践,制定矿山生命周期各阶段环境管理的详细指南,建立矿山环境绩效评价与配套激励制度,形成制度与机制加强和规范公众参与,以及加强本底调查和矿山生命周期性环境动态监测等。     

Exports and governance: the role of private voluntary agrifood standards

The empirical evidence that institutional differences across countries affect bilateral trade is robust. The crucial question remains how countries can enhance trade amid these differences. In this article, we measure the degree to which governance and institutions differ between countries as “governance distance.” Using a sample of EU/EFTA imports, we examine how adopting private agrifood safety standards modify the effect of governance distance on exports of fruits and vegetables, in particular apples, bananas, and grapes, within a structural gravity framework. Our results show that while increasing governance distance hinders bilateral trade, the interaction of standards and the governance distance is positively associated with exports, hence partially offsetting the direct trade‐inhibiting effects of the latter. GlobalGAP certified countries see the trade‐inhibiting effects of governance distance on their exports reduced by about 50%, ceteris paribus.     

Competition to Save Lives: Political competition and health outcomes in India

Governance indicators have come under fire in recent years, especially the World Governance Indicators. Critics present these indicators as atheoretical and biased. Critics of the critics counter that no better alternatives exist. The authors suggest otherwise, arguing that more appropriate “governance” indicators will: have theoretical grounding; focus on specific fields of engagement; emphasize outcomes; and control for key contextual differences in comparing countries. Such constructs can help indicate where countries seem to have governance problems, allowing second-stage analyses of where and what these problems are; they do not directly point to the presence or nature of problems or provide a measure of the governance concept. Under-5 mortality rates adjusted for country income groups are shown as an example of such a measure, and data presented for contextually compared outcomes in this specific field to show where governance seems better and worse. The USA is shown up as relatively weak, whereas a country such as Pakistan seems to have better governance in this sector than other low-income countries. The indicator has its weaknesses and is partly presented as an illustrative example of a new approach, but also allows questions about why governance of this sector might be problematic in certain contexts and easier in others.     

Determinants of Export Marketing Channel Design to Developed and Developing Countries: Exploratory Study

ABSTRACT

This exploratory study is intended to analyze the differences in the organization of export marketing channels to developing and developed countries from the perspective of exporters in a developed country. Our evidence seems to suggest that despite high transaction costs, U.S. seafood exporters are not interested in vertical forward integration of the Japanese and Western European seafood distribution channels. The U.S. seafood industry is geared toward providing raw materials to foreign re-processors than exporting value added products. Thus, lack of management commitment to foreign end-users makes vertical forward integration difficult. Hence, unlike in developing countries, the choice of an efficient transaction governance structure for the U.S. seafood export business depends on factors derived from transaction cost theory and management commitment to foreign markets. The study found that resources are not a problem to U.S. seafood exporters.     

Monitoring land governance: Understanding roots and shoots

Despite a growing interest among land use policymakers to identify the indicators that measure changes in land tenure systems, little consensus exists about what framework can functionally analyze land tenure systems, and how it should be developed. The existing indicators have mainly focused on measuring the “effects” of land tenure (in)security and often neglected the “causes”. Hence, comprehensive monitoring of land tenure systems has been poorly understood and practiced. Given their multifaceted meanings, land and its related concepts have been a challenging issue for policymakers. Accordingly, the overall objective of this paper was to propose a functional and analytical framework on how to study monitoring land governance from roots to shoots through five main studies: i) understanding the historical trajectories of land, ii) recognizing institutional arrangements on land, iii) identifying land governance grammar, iv) defining land governance typology, and v) assessing land use changes. In line with this objective, the general research question of this study is how and by whom a monitoring system should be developed. Overall, this study can be considered as a conceptual framework that has been designed to conceptualize, develop, build, and apply a functional and analytical framework for formulating land governance grammar to explain how access to land is governed. Unlike previous studies, this study focuses on both causes and effects of strong land governance (SLG) and weak land governance (WLG). The paper discusses that land governance allows various stakeholders to participate in government decisions and ensures the security of their livelihoods. However, land governance could be either poor or strong depending on the government decision-making process. The paper also concluded that SLG is a precondition for economic growth and poverty alleviation in rural areas of developing countries.     

International perspectives on future land use

The different approaches that other countries take to land use reflect many national variables, including planning systems, institutional structures, socio-cultural characteristics, population pressures and environmental priorities. Literature reviews of relevant land-use issues in Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand and Sweden provided the background material for this paper. Other European countries appear to offer models of more pro-active and indicative land-use planning, in contrast to the adversarial system in the UK, and a much stronger regional focus. This seems to have made it easier to implement other policies, for example on renewable energy. Experience with liberalisation of agricultural markets, and the promotion of environmentally sustainable farming are both relevant to an increasingly polarised agricultural sector in the UK. Cutting across all these themes is a reflection on governance of land use. Of the countries considered, Sweden's focus on environmental sustainability, international responsibility and long-term consistency of direction appears to be most closely aligned to the coming land-use challenges. When drawing conclusions from this review it is important to bear in mind the effect of differences in bio-geographic factors, socio-economic conditions and political culture, both in other countries and within the UK.     

Governance assessment of the UAVs implementation in Rwanda under the fit-for-purpose land administration approach

Conventional land tenure recording approaches to create a sustainable land administration system (LAS) have been found to be of limited value in developing countries. To respond to this challenge, the ‘fit-for-purpose’ (FFP) approach was developed. This approach has gained relevance in the last years and promotes the use of new technologies like unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) to provide valuable base maps. Yet, contemporary failures demonstrate that technological innovations should consider the governance context when being implemented. Understanding the relevance of the FFP approach and acknowledging the importance of institutional factors in policy implementation, this research presents and applies the ‘Fit-for-purpose governance assessment framework’ (FGAF). The FGAF operationalises the seven elements of the FFP approach with five governance dimensions of the framework named Governance Assessment Tool (GAT). To apply FGAF, our selected case study is focused on the UAVs implementation in Rwanda. We conducted 37 semi-structured in-depth interviews, a pilot project with Rwandese stakeholders, and analysed several official documents and national reports. Additionally, UAV data collection was carried out to test the performance of the technology too. This research found that participation and flexibility are the governance qualities that present the main challenges, while inclusiveness, affordability, upgradability, attainability and reliability provide better opportunities to implement UAVs. Based on our case study, we conclude that the governance context favours a top-down approach for the implementation of the UAV technology in the LAS. For the sustainability of the LAS, the central government should incentivize participatory governance models for local and non-governmental actors. Also, strengthening the capacities of the field agencies at the district level through fiscal decentralisation can support the effective uptake of the UAV technologies in the LAS.     

习近平关于社区治理重要论述的理论定位与实践向度

习近平关于社区治理的一系列重要论述是改革开放以来我国社区建设实践的理论升华,是国家治理视域下基层社会治理与社会建设的理论总结,是"以人民为中心"导向下"民生为本"的社区治理范式创新,为新时代社区治理提供了理论引领与行动指南。习近平关于社区治理的重要论述包含:坚持党建引领的治理原则,激发共建共治共享的内生动力,夯实群众性自治制度的治理基础,协同自治、德治与法治的治理策略等多维实践向度。习近平总书记对社区疫情风险治理做出的重要指示进一步丰富和发展了城乡社区治理的理论与实践。