Creating marketing strategies in new technology markets: A study of the expert system industry

Technological innovation is widely recognized as a major factor influencing competitiveness. This is particularly true i n turbulent and dynamic IT markets. Consequently, the effective strategic management of technological innovation by companies is one route to securing their survival and growth. The focus of the research presented is the evolution of marketing strategies by innovators facing diverse competitive challenges in the expert system market. The study examined the role of strategic marketing i n the commercial exploitation of technology and how this role changes, especially after market launch. What was interesting urm the extent to which suppliers were not only designing new technologies but also creating business applications for the new technology. The acquisition of market know-how to devise end-,user applications was a vital ingredient i n securing a competitive advantage.     

A study of venue marketing mix for MICE industry in Thailand

The objectives of the research are to determine the important factors and the performance factors of the attributes in selecting venues （particularly convention hotels and convention centers） through investigating the meeting planners＇ set of needs and to identify factors and attributes relating to the venue marketing mix for MICE industry in Thailand. This paper has applied the hospitality and the tourism marketing mixes that are important to the MICE destination selection （particularly venues） for creating a new venue marketing mix. Therefore, the study is based on the importance levels of venue selection through each marketing mix factors including all attributes in the meeting planners＇ perspectives on behalf of their organizations, which will be able to reflect a set of their real needs that could bring about development of a venue marketing mix model that exclusively accommodates MICE organizers. The data was collected using self-administered questionnaires from 229 meeting planners. Statistically significant determinants of the meeting planners＇ overall importance levels indicated that in all of the 8 marketing mix factors （68 attributes）, the people factor was perceived to be the most important factor. The package factor was perceived to have a moderate level of importance. The other factors perceived to be important included Product, Price, Place, Promotion, Physical evidence and Process. It is also found from the factor analysis that the new venue marketing mix contained 8 marketing mix factors with 61 attributes for venue business in Thailand. It is recommended from the research findings that venue management be more concerned with and focus on the attributes of the people factor.     

“国军”福利品供应站顾客消费特性及营销策略之研究

本研究首先经由文献探讨，界定“国军”福利品供应站在业态别中的角色，应类似于超级市场的综合商品零售商的角色。而後透过问卷设计调查，SWOT分析及深度访谈等方式，提出福利品供应站在经营及营销策略上除了强调商品售价低廉外，也应着重于强调保证商品质量的宣传力度，并以更具弹性的手法来引进或汰换商品，并且尽可能提供更多的商品选择性，而後利用邻近小区或都会区的营区来增加责场地点或以租赁场地方式采用小规模小区型售场的方式大量展店，并以更多元的方式促销，建立完整顾客数据库，提高宣传效率及全面开放信用卡消费等积极性方式作为推动策略。     

The selection of technology for late-starters: A case study of the energy-smart photovoltaic industry

Technology selection, which influences the competitive advantages of an enterprise or a country, is a multi-criteria decision issue. In addition, it is increasingly difficult to identify the right technologies because technologies are increasing in number and complexity. This study proposes a technology selection process integrating the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and Delphi method. The former effectively conducts the fuzziness existing in experts' responses and identifies the strength of technology selection criteria and the relationship between the two. The latter provides the main technology alternatives for Taiwan's future photovoltaic industry. Finally, through the two-way linkage between technology selection criteria and main industrial technologies, the technology fields of the photovoltaic industry can be identified. The empirical results indicate that the benefit of a technology is the most important factor among technological selection criteria, and that Taiwan should adopt and develop microcrystalline silicon film multi-junction and amorphous-silicon solar cells as its main industrial technologies. The results may serve to guide industrial technology acquisition and the work of resource allocations on the behalf of government and enterprises.     

跨国公司在营销中的转移定价策略

随着全球经济一体化趋势的发展,跨国公司已经成为当今世界经济活动的主体,跨国公司内部贸易的定价机制,尤其是转移价格,成为跨国公司经营中最具诱惑力的商业秘密武器.     

An evaluation framework for technology transfer of new equipment in high technology industry

With the rapid advancement of technology, product life cycle is shortening continuously. In order to compete against other firms in fiercely competitive global markets, a firm has to keep developing new technology to differentiate itself from others. The acquisition of new core-technology equipment is especially important for manufacturing advanced products, and the technology know-how of the equipment must be transferred completely from equipment supplier to engineers and operators of the firm to effectively utilize the equipment. The objective of this paper is to explore the technology transfer of equipment and to establish a comprehensive framework for evaluating and selecting new equipment with critical technology transfer. Influence factors for technology transfer of new equipment are first collected by literature review and interviews with related experts in the thin-film transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT-LCD) industry in Taiwan. Fuzzy Delphi method (FDM) is applied next to select the most critical factors. Then, interpretive structural modeling (ISM) is employed to determine the interrelationship among the critical factors. A fuzzy analytic network process (FANP) model is constructed to evaluate the technology transfer performance of equipment suppliers. The results of this study should provide a base for firms in evaluating the purchase of new equipment and a reference for equipment suppliers to strengthen their technology transfer process to their buyers.     

A natural experiment in the organization of entry-level labor markets: regional markets for new physicians and surgeons in the United Kingdom

The histories of seven regional markets for new physicians and surgeons in the United Kingdom are considered. Like the American market, these markets have experienced failures that led to the adoption of centralized market mechanisms. Because different regions employ different centralized mechanisms, these markets provide a test of the hypothesis that the success of the American market is related to the fact that it produces matches which are stable in the sense that no two agents mutually prefer to be matched to one another than to their assigned partners. Even in the more complex U.K. markets, this kind of stability plays an important role. Centralized markets that produced unstable matches in environments in which agents could act upon instabilities fared no better than the decentralized markets they replaced.     

Punishment strategies in repeated games: Evidence from experimental markets

An experiment is designed to provide a snapshot of the strategies used by players in a repeated price competition game with a random continuation rule. One hundred pairs of subjects played the game over the Internet, with subjects having a few days to make their decisions in each round. Occasionally subjects are asked to enter one-period-ahead pricing strategies instead of prices. According to the elicited strategies, between 90% and 95% of subjects punish less harshly (in their initial response to a deviation) than implied by the grim trigger strategy, and do so in a way that depends on the size of the other subjectʼs deviation. Future earnings are highest for subjects adopting the tit-for-tat strategy, even after controlling for a subjectʼs past earnings. Punishment strategies are generally softer and more graduated than implied by a grim trigger strategy, and do better as a result.     

开拓阿曼工程承包市场

一、阿曼经济基本情况阿曼是阿拉伯海湾合作委员会（GCC）成员国和世界贸易组织（WTO）成员国，位于阿拉伯半岛东南端，与阿联酋、沙特、也门等国接壤，濒临阿拉伯海。面积30万平方公里，人口247万，其中外籍人口70万。石油是阿曼经济的支柱产业，阿曼国内生产总值的43%来自石油工业，财政收入的70%来自石油收入。为打破依赖石油的单一经济格局，调整产业结构，吸引外资，增加收入，促进就业，实现经济的可持续发展，阿曼政府加大了改革力度，加速推进产业多元化、经济私有化、就业阿曼化进程，并取得了显著的成就。非石油产业在阿曼经济…     

Roadmapping a disruptive technology: A case study: The emerging microsystems and top-down nanosystems industry

If technological roadmapping is important in the process of rapid technology commercialization, and if a method tailored to roadmapping nascent disruptive technologies does not exist, and if these very same disruptive technologies portend to be the future economic engines for firms, countries, and regions, then there is cause for concern. This article seeks to shed some light on the process in industrial disruptive technology roadmapping by focusing on the fundamental differences between sustaining and disruptive technologies. This article investigates the utility of theoretical and practitioner traditional technology roadmapping tools in an international industrial roadmapping effort focusing on microtechnology and top-down nanotechnology. I then modify the traditional technology roadmapping approaches generating a model for an industrial worldwide disruptive technology roadmapping process. I utilize the International Industrial Microsystems and Top-Down Nanosystems Roadmap (IIMTDNR) effort, which included nearly 400 people, from nearly as many firms, from over five continents and was developed over a 5-year period. The IIMTDNR process is used to provide the basis for a model for a commercial disruptive technology roadmapping process.     

Technological change and industry structure: A case study of the petroleum industry

This paper is a case study of the impact of an exogenous improvement of a process technology on the structure of the petroleum industry. The paper examines the role of three-dimensional seismology in bringing about the 1990s oil industry consolidation. This proposition is examined in the context of evolutionary economics and in a non-cooperative game theory, concluding with a reference to Steindl's theory of industry dynamics. The significance of this contribution lies chiefly in highlighting the fact that exogenous technological change can, under appropriate conditions, play a significant role in industry dynamics. This reference to the exogenous change in technology is a departure from the traditional consideration of endogenity of industry structure in relation to technological development and, therefore, a novelty. Secondly, the documentation of 3D seismology as a significant process technology of the petroleum industry is significant.     

Export strategies in the computer industry: Japan and the USA

Japan's computer manufacturers realize that they need more than a new generation of software (or hardware) for success in world markets. The missing ingredients are primarily multinational busines experience factors, which have worked to the past advantage of US companies. Japan's past export successes — textiles, steel, consumer electronics—have come with products that, unlike computers, could be sold through existing distribution channels. Realizing their disadvantages in selling computer systems worldwide, the Japanese designed the heavily publicized fifth-generation project seeking technology that could serve as a wedge into markets where US-based multinationals had already become firmly entrenched. For this as for other joint government-industry R&D projects in Japan, the indirect effects will be at least as important as the technological outcomes; asking whether the fifth-generation project could have reached particular technical objectives poses the wrong question. In terms of technological capability, Japan could emerge as a formidable rival of the USA in world computer markets. Given the international presence of US companies large and small, this will not be as quick or as easy as in other Japanese export industries: Japan will continue to have far more difficulty exporting computer systems than VCRs or integrated circuits.     

Export strategies in the computer industry: Japan and the USA

Japan's computer manufacturers realize that they need more than a new generation of software (or hardware) for success in world markets. The missing ingredients are primarily multinational busines experience factors, which have worked to the past advantage of US companies. Japan's past export successes — textiles, steel, consumer electronics—have come with products that, unlike computers, could be sold through existing distribution channels. Realizing their disadvantages in selling computer systems worldwide, the Japanese designed the heavily publicized fifth-generation project seeking technology that could serve as a wedge into markets where US-based multinationals had already become firmly entrenched. For this as for other joint government-industry R&D projects in Japan, the indirect effects will be at least as important as the technological outcomes; asking whether the fifth-generation project could have reached particular technical objectives poses the wrong question. In terms of technological capability, Japan could emerge as a formidable rival of the USA in world computer markets. Given the international presence of US companies large and small, this will not be as quick or as easy as in other Japanese export industries: Japan will continue to have far more difficulty exporting computer systems than VCRs or integrated circuits.     

Advertising media strategies in the film industry

The primary aim of this article is to estimate the multiple determinants of film advertising expenditures in four important media, namely television, press, outdoor and radio, in the UK. First, television advertising, the leading film advertising medium, is examined as part of a system of equations, capturing the interdependences between advertising, the number of screens on which films are initially shown and box office revenues. Then a reduced form model is put forward to reveal the determinants of film advertising in the four media. While major distribution companies have different preferences for the use of the alternative advertising media, results highlight the importance of quality signals, such as critical reviews, in determining advertising expenditures in the film industry. Moreover, advertising expenditures can themselves be considered to offer potential cinema goers signals of film quality.     

A new look for Stackelberg-Cournot equilibria in oligopolistic markets

Summary. This note deals with Cournot type oligopolies in which the market clearing price occasionally may be non-unique. A Stackelberg leading producer is present. Given that setting we explore continuity properties of the followers' reaction and provide sufficient conditions for existence of equilibrium. Received: June 20, 2000; revised version: April 24, 2001     

浅议如何创新移动通信业的营销策略

随着移动通信业的迅猛发展,移动通信企业的市场拓展将变得愈发困难,规模的扩张将变得愈发有限,移动通信业的买方市场已经形成.为此,移动通信企业必须实施有效的营销策略,凸显其与竞争对手的差异与优势,才能在激烈的竞争中立于不败之地.本文在分析移动通信业营销策略特点与现状的基础上,提出了进行营销创新,有效实施营销策略的对策及建议.     

A two-stage technology foresight model with system dynamics simulation and its application in the Chinese ICT industry

Technology foresight is a process that identifies the critical technologies a country or industry needs to develop in order to shape a desired future. In this paper, a two-stage technology foresight approach is proposed. During the first stage, critical technologies are identified and evaluated by nationwide experts through Delphi surveys. In the second stage, a system dynamics simulation model is used to estimate how critical parameter values are likely to impact the attainment of foresight goals. A detailed illustration of this two-stage process is provided by a technology foresight case study in the Chinese information and communication technologies (ICT) industry. Because it was identified by the first-stage Delphi method as a critical technology, the diffusion of 4th generation wireless telecommunication technology (4G) was simulated, and experimentation was conducted. Suggestions are provided regarding how the Chinese information industry would need to expand the IP network infrastructure in order to support technology foresight goals under different scenarios.     

The role of financial speculation in the energy future markets: A new time-varying coefficient approach

To study whether speculating behavior plays an important role in oil futures markets, this paper proposes a time-varying coefficient version of the model of Llorente, Michaely, Saar, and Wang (2002) and estimates the effect of the speculating behavior using a sieve maximum likelihood estimation method. Using the time-varying coefficient model and the data of crude oil and heating oil futures markets, we find that neither the speculative motive nor the hedging motive dominates the markets over the whole sample period. However, we find that one of the two motives dominates the markets over some subsample periods. More importantly, speculation dominates in both the crude oil and heating oil futures markets around 2008. These empirical findings support the argument that the speculating behavior significantly affected the sharp rise in the price of crude oil in 2008.     

Measuring competition in microfinance markets: a new approach

This paper employs a relatively new method of competition measurement, the Boone indicator, for data on 521 microfinance institutions (MFIs) in ten vibrant microfinance markets: Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Indonesia, the Philippines, Bolivia, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Mexico and Peru. This approach is able to measure competition on a yearly basis in market segments without considering the entire market, as other well-known methods – for instance, the Panzar-Rosse model – require. Stochastic frontier (SF) models have been employed to estimate the translog cost function (TCF) and then marginal costs are computed. The potential endogeneity of performance and costs are overcome by utilising a two-step GMM estimator. Results show that competition levels vary from country to country, and over the period 2003–2010 India and Nicaragua had the most competitive microfinance loan markets. Competition among the microfinance institutions in Bangladesh and Bolivia declined significantly over time, which may be due to the partial reconstitution of market power by the giant MFIs in these countries. Competition in other countries remained mostly unchanged over the years, in line with the consolidation and revitalisation of respective microfinance markets.