In search of stars: Network formation among heterogeneous agents

This paper reports results from a laboratory experiment on network formation among heterogeneous agents. The experimental design extends the Bala–Goyal [Bala, V., Goyal, S., 2000. A non-cooperative model of network formation, Econometrica 68, 1131–1230] model of network formation with decay and two-way flow of benefits by introducing agents with lower linking costs or higher benefits to others. Furthermore, agents' types may be common knowledge or private information. In all treatments, the (efficient) equilibrium network has a “star” structure. While equilibrium predictions fail completely with homogeneous agents, star networks frequently occur with heterogeneous agents. Stars are not born but rather develop: with a high-value agent, the network's centrality, stability, and efficiency all increase over time. A structural econometric model based on best response dynamics and other-regarding preferences is used to analyze individual linking behavior. Maximum-likelihood estimates of the underlying structural parameters, obtained by pooling data from several treatments, allow us to explain the main treatment effects.     

Network formation with heterogeneous players

This paper extends the connections model of network formation by allowing for players who are heterogeneous with respect to values as well as the costs of forming links. Our principal result is that centrality and short average distances between individuals are robust features of equilibrium networks.     

One-way flow networks: the role of heterogeneity

I study a one-way flow connections model in which players are heterogeneous with respect to values and the costs of establishing a link. I show that values and costs heterogeneity are equally important in determining the level of connectedness and the architecture of equilibrium networks. I also show that when asymmetries are independent of the potential partner there are distributions of costs and values for which centrality is a distincitive feature of equilibrium networks. This sharply contrasts with the homogeneous case.I thank an anonymous referee for useful comments. The paper has benefited from discussion with Gabriella Conti, Jose Luis Moraga-Gonzalez, Fernando Vega-Redondo and Sanjeev Goyal.     

学习、环境与在孵企业创造力:网络边界视角

网络化边界为创业模式与情境要素变革背景下的组织学习效力分析提供了更具时效性的研究视角。在孵企业为上述视角的落地,进而还原复杂情境下多维组织学习方式对企业价值创造活动的协同作用过程提供了丰富的实证脚本。基于235家企业的实证结果显示：内外部学习不仅能单独提升在孵企业创造力,还具有协同促进效应,而该过程会受到内外部环境的共同调节作用。孵化网络异质性越低、环境动态性越强,在孵企业内部学习与创造力间的正向关系越强;孵化网络异质性越高、环境动态性越弱,在孵企业外部学习与创造力间的正向关系越强。进一步对内外部学习协同效应进行调节作用检验,发现只有当孵化网络异质性低或是环境动态性弱时,才有利于发挥在孵企业内部学习与外部学习对创造力的协同促进作用。研究结论为组织学习、环境要素与创业孵化理论融合提供了较为完整的研究框架,并为创业企业学习战略与孵育机制设计提供了更具靶向性的决策依据。     

A simple search model of money with heterogeneous agents and partial acceptability

Summary. Simple search models have equilibria where some agents accept money and others do not. We argue such equilibria should not be taken seriously. This is unfortunate if one wants a model with partial acceptability. We introduce heterogeneous agents and show partial acceptability arises naturally and robustly. There can be multiple equilibria with different degrees of acceptability. Given the type of heterogeneity we allow, the model is simple: equilibria reduce to fixed points in [0,1]. We show that with other forms of heterogeneity equilibria are fixed points in set space, and there is no method to reduce this to a problem in R¹.Received: 4 September 2002, Revised: 23 September 2002JEL Classification Numbers: C78, E40.A. Shevchenko, R. Wright: We thank seminar participants at the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Indiana University, Purdue University, University of Toronto, the 2002 Midwest Macroeconomics Conference at Vanderbilt University, and the 2001 Conference on Economic Dynamics at the University of Essex. The National Science Foundation and the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland provided financial support. Braz Ministerio de Camargo and Gabriel Camera provided some helpful suggestions. Correspondence to: R. Wright     

Farsighted strategies in the formation of a communication network

I examine the formation of a specific communication network, a variant of the two-way flow model, in which agents have farsighted strategies. I show that the likelihood to form efficient networks tends to zero for sufficiently large network sizes.     

异质机构投资者与企业商业信用融资

深化供给侧改革对促进供给侧高质量发展具有重要意义。采用2007-2019年A股上市公司为研究对象,探究异质机构投资者对商业信用融资的影响,本研究的结果表明：机构投资者持股企业通过提升信息披露质量而提升企业商业信用规模。专注型机构投资者持股对商业信用融资促进作用更显著。使用替换变量、倾向得分匹配法、更换变量衡量方式、滞后一期及工具变量法检验后,结果依然稳健。进一步分析,专注型机构投资者仅对研发强度大的企业商业信用融资的具有促进效用;机构投资者在市场化进程弱、融资约束高的企业发挥更好的治理作用。本文揭示了机构投资者影响企业商业信用融资的黑箱,同时建议资本市场发展持股稳定、持股比例高的专注型机构投资者,提高商业信用融资规模,促进供给侧高质量发展。     

On the formation of interaction networks in social coordination games

There are many situations where two interacting individuals can benefit from coordinating their actions. We examine the endogenous choice of partners in such social coordination games and the implications for resulting play. We model the interaction pattern as a network where individuals periodically have the discretion to add or sever links to other players. With such endogenous interaction patterns we see multiple stochastically stable states of play, including some that involve play of equilibria in the coordination game that are neither efficient nor risk-dominant. Thus the endogenous network structure not only has implications for the interaction pattern that emerges, but it also has a significant impact on the play in the coordination game relative to what would arise if the same interaction network were exogenous.     

中国国有企业与民营企业的数量演进——基于种群生态学的仿真实验

本文运用种群生态学的仿真实验分析了1990年以来中国国有企业与民营企业数量的动态变化关系。实验显示,国退民进和国进民退的分水岭在2004年前后,2004年之前,中国民营经济稳步快速发展,此后民营企业数量增长率明显变缓,国有企业数量总体上也在逐步减少。根据国有企业和民营企业各自的相对优势——国有企业发挥实力、民营企业体现活力来设置不同的参数,发现市场经济中民营企业具有普适性,并预测出国有经济与民营经济将长期共存并推进中国经济发展。为此,在市场环境中,只有进一步发展民营经济才能释放强大的经济活力、优化产业结构、维护社会的公平正义。这种以国有经济为基础,国有经济与民营经济争高竞长、并驾齐驱的新型经济才是真正的中国特色社会主义市场经济。     

The heterogeneous volume-volatility relations in the exchange-traded fund market: Evidence from China

We decompose the trading volume of exchange-traded funds (ETFs) into specific components according to different triggers of trades: (i) private information, (ii) disagreement among investors due to their different opinions on public information or having different information, and (iii) investor impatience. Then we examine the particular impact of each type of ETF trade on the market volatility of the tracked index. Focusing on the three ETFs tracking the CSI 300, we show that ETF trades stemming from investor disagreement are a key determinant of CSI 300 volatility, dominating other factors considered. Liquidity ETF trades can partially explain CSI 300 volatility. However, little evidence supports a significant correlation between privately informed trades of ETFs and CSI 300 volatility.     

In search of advice for participants in matching markets which use the deferred-acceptance algorithm

Many centralized entry-level labor markets use the firm-proposing deferred-acceptance (DA) algorithm to compute the matching that is implemented among workers and firms. We propose a definition of the strategic options a worker faces in the DA-algorithm. Then we develop a theory to advise workers who distinguish between the firms from which they believe not to receive a proposal, the firms from which they might receive a proposal, and the firms from which they certainly receive a proposal. If a worker is not able to deduce which new proposals she receives after having rejected others, then it is not profitable for her to submit a list that reverses the true ranking of any two acceptable firms. Furthermore, it is not beneficial for her to include a firm in her submitted list that is unacceptable to her.     

嵌入社会心理的知识网络结构、行为与绩效关系仿真

知识网络的结构、行为与绩效之间存在相互作用关系,社会心理通过影响这些作用关系而对知识网络结构演化、行为激励和绩效实现产生影响。在文献回顾的基础上,剖析知识网络结构、行为与绩效的内涵与关系,研究社会心理对知识网络的作用机制。由此提出假设并构建逻辑框架模型,进而设计变量与参数,采用Matlab软件进行仿真试验,通过试验结果验证该提假设。仿真结果表明：知识网络的结构、行为、绩效相互影响,社会心理起调节作用。     

Price-setting power vs. private information: An experimental evaluation of their impact on holdup

This paper investigates the extent of the holdup problem in a buyer–seller relationship in which the seller has private information about his alternative opportunities. Theory predicts that, compared to a situation in which outside options are publicly observed, the seller obtains an informational rent whereas the buyer bears an informational loss. As a result the seller is predicted to invest more while the buyer is expected to invest less. In contrast to this, private information has no impact on the investment levels observed in the experiment. But actual investments do increase with the price-setting power of the investor. These findings are roughly consistent with a model in which agents are inequality-averse. Overall the results question some recent theoretical suggestions that private information rents might substitute for price-setting power in mitigating holdup.     

网络嵌入、知识管理与核心企业自主创新

以2009-2015年华为集团公司在美国专利商标局经授权的无线通信网络技术专利及其引证和被引证专利,构建了核心企业自主创新网络。运用社会网络分析软件UCINET6.0,分析了网络嵌入与核心企业自主创新的关系以及知识管理在其中所起的中介作用。实证结果表明,网络位置对核心企业自主创新能力具有正向影响,网络关系对核心企业自主创新能力具有负向影响,知识管理在核心企业自主创新网络中具有正向调节作用。     

A network experiment in continuous time: The influence of link costs

In recent work on non-cooperative network formation star-shaped networks play an important role. In a particular theoretical model of Bala and Goyal (2000) center-sponsored stars are the only strict Nash networks. In testing this theoretical model, Falk and Kosfeld (2003) do not find experimental evidence that players select the center-sponsored star. Based on a slight modification of Bala and Goyal’s model, we design a network formation experiment in which, depending on link costs, periphery-sponsored stars and the empty network are the only strict Nash networks. We observe that almost all groups not only reach a strict Nash network once but also switch the center player in periphery-sponsored stars several times. The main innovation in our experiment is to use a continuous time framework which we believe to be a more realistic setting to study behavior in network formation situations and which makes coordination on stars much easier than simultaneous strategy adaptation in discrete time. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10683-006-9125-1. JEL Classification C72 · C92 · D81     

从生态工业园区到区域副产品交换网络——构建基于促进机构、信息中心与物流平台的区域工业生态体系

针对生态工业园存在的稳定性不足问题,提出将其融入区域副产品交换网络,在更大的空间范围内与更多的组织建立渠道多元化、方式灵活的物质与能量供需关系,是一条可行的解决方案。认为生态工业园与区域副产品交换网络经过组合形成的新空间架构——区域工业生态体系,需要在区域范围内建立相应的信息平台、物流平台和促进机构以提供支持。     

政府投资基金融资网络特征：城市分布、网络关系与社区发现

近年来,我国政府投资基金呈现井喷式发展态势,基金数量和总体规模在风险投资市场中占据较大比重。运用爬虫技术获取政府投资基金大样本微观数据,并用复杂网络法从市级层面考察我国政府投资基金资本集聚情况。研究发现：我国政府投资基金在融资网络层面呈现显著“极点效应”,北京、深圳、上海、苏州等城市为主要集聚区,西部、东北地区未能形成集聚;政府投资基金具有显著“邻近效应”,本地机构更愿意参与本地基金的设立,省域内城市形成明显的族群结构。此外,深圳、苏州政府投资基金相比于北京、上海等城市更具有市场属性。据此,提出如下建议：我国政府投资基金应加强对社会资本的引导,更加注重市场导向;适当降低中西部和东北地区政府投资基金杠杆率,通过政府投资基金吸引东部优势产业向中西部地区转移,进而促进当地政府投资基金落地和资本集聚,并助推区域产业升级与创新发展。     

The notion of private information in a modern perspective: a reappraisal of Hayek's contribution

Hayek's critical attitude towards Walrasian modelling was based on informational considerations. In his view, a meaningful notion of equilbrium has to deal with the consistency of agents' plans which information is dispersed throughout the economy. He emphasized that only in this context could the role of market prices as aggregators of information be correctly analysed. Recent developments in general equilbrium theory with rational expectations have taken up the issue formally. In this paper, Haek's main ideas about the competiitive mechanism are compared with these recent results. It is argued that Hayek's notion of private information is different from that used in modern equilibrium theory, not only because of its dynamic content, as many critics observed ex post, as is usually in a general equilibrium framework. This issue of whether modern notions of private information, namel that used in conract theory, are good substitutes for Hayek' notion of personal knowledge is also examined in detail. From this analysis, it is possible to conclude that Hayek's notion of equilibrium neither entails Pareto optimality prperties nor full informational efficiency.     

嵌入性创新网络与科技型小微企业创新绩效:网络能力中介效应研究

科技型小微企业嵌入于创新网络中,通过自主性发挥网络构建与管理能力,进一步分享创新网络资源,提高创新实力。基于中国软件谷(南京)及相关创业孵化园246家软件企业问卷调查结果,运用SPSS、LISREL软件进行统计分析,实证研究网络能力对嵌入性创新网络与科技型小微企业创新绩效的中介效应。结果表明:(1)嵌入性创新网络稳定性有利于科技型小微企业创新绩效的提升;(2)嵌入性创新网络强度越大,科技型小微企业网络能力越强;(3)科技型小微企业网络能力越强,创新绩效提升越明显;(4)科技型小微企网络能力有助于促进嵌入性创新网络对创新绩效的提升作用。     

平台战略内核：网络效应概念演进、测度方式与研究前沿

大量研究虽以平台战略为主题,但并未将网络效应这一平台内核特征纳入分析建模,使得研究缺乏理论深度。采用文献计量和内容分析相结合的方法对网络效应相关研究进行梳理。分析发现：网络效应研究经历了3次理论演进,即同边网络效应向跨边网络效应演进（内容）、网络效应是什么向网络效应有何影响演进（作用）、网络正效应向网络负效应演进（后果）。三大演进从网络效应测度方式和行业情境中亦可窥见。结合关键词突变分析,发现网络效应最新研究已开始从关注网络效应“后果”转向“前因”考察。结合战略管理最新研究趋势,提出未来网络效应前因研究可以从个体行为、关系嵌入、种群生态、制度环境4个层面展开。特别是随着平台模式从消费互联网向产业互联网延伸,网络效应作用和激发方式是亟待关注的研究议题。