规则公平偏好对个体公共物品自愿供给的影响:一项实验研究

经济学始终关注涉他偏好对公共物品自愿供给的影响,而对于关注过程的规则偏好的研究尚不多见.本文设计了一个带有否决权购买的独裁者实验,通过被试面临两种博弈规则的选择,度量其公平规则偏好.随后根据Fischbacher等的两阶段公共物品实验考察个体社会偏好类型.实验结果表明:(1)被试中约60％的个体持有较显著的公平规则偏好;(2)重复公共物品实验中,公平规则偏好强的个体平均投入水平高于公平规则偏好弱的个体;(3)公平规则偏好程度不同,投入水平受到社会偏好与信念的影响权重不同,行为调整模式有显著差别.     

群体活动中“榜样的力量”是无穷的吗——来自一项动态公共品博弈实验的证据

群体活动中我们会重视榜样人物的示范带头作用.本文在经典的公共品自愿捐献实验中加入了榜样先行机制,构造一个动态公共品博弈的实验模型,研究先行者的“榜样”行为对公共品捐献绩效的影响问题.与多数研究成果类似,本文的研究表明,有先行者的榜样作用相比于无先行者的情况,对公共品捐献有显著促进作用;且在先行者选择上,轮流担任和投票选举先行者带来的捐献效果要明显优于随机产生先行者的情况.但我们的研究还表明,个体社会偏好的异质性也对公共品捐献绩效影响显著:条件合作者和驼峰型偏好者的捐献绩效优于搭便车者,但民主选举产生先行者的方式有助于纠正搭便车者的投机倾向.     

中国式财政分权与公共品供给研究综述

有关财政分权对公共品供给影响的研究,基于中国式财政分权的制度特征,以及不同公共品与经济增长的短期关系,得出地方政府偏好基础设施类生产性公共品的供给,而轻视教育、医疗卫生、社会保障等非生产性公共品的供给。现实中,地方政府官员行为目标的差异、地方政府扩张预算外收入的策略性行为、地方政府之间的财政支出竞争、行政管理支出的扩张、腐败等因素都影响公共品的供给。     

官员任期、标尺竞争与公共品投资

本文利用官员任职期间的晋升预期差异以及空间计量模型,研究地方官员面临的政治晋升激励及相对绩效考核方式对于城市公共品投资的影响.基于1999-2013年地级市面板数据,本文的实证结果表明,地方官员倾向于在任职关键时点增加具有短期增长效应的经济性公共品投资,而具有长期投资属性的社会性公共品投资则随官员任职年数增多而减少,这意味着官员晋升激励对公共投资产生了推动效应.此外,在官员晋升激励更强的城市,经济性公共品投资的地区间策略互动更强,从而验证了标尺竞争机制,但该机制并未出现在社会性公共品投资上.最后,地区发展阶段差异导致官员的公共品投资行为出现异质性:晋升激励推动东部地区更多投资于社会性公共品,而中西部地区更多投资于经济性公共品.这意味着在社会性公共品供给上,地区间的差距将进一步扩大.     

公共物品的供给问题

从最早的大卫·休谟对社会公共需要的关注到现在实验经济学等对公共品的研究,公共品的有效供给一直是非常困难的问题。本文就公共品的性质、供给机制等方面进行探讨,并主张公共品应由政府和私人共同提供,但更倾向于私人提供。     

公共物品的供给问题

从最早的大卫·休谟对社会公共需要的关注到现在实验经济学等对公共品的研究，公共品的有效供给一直是非常困难的问题。本文就公共品的性质、供给机制等方面进行探讨，并主张公共品应由政府和私人共同提供，但更倾向于私人提供。     

公共品供给决策分析——基于公共品自愿捐献实验的研究

经典的公共品理论认为,在公共品的提供过程中,搭便车行为会使公共品的自愿供给无法实现,然而现实中,却又有很多人会进行慈善捐赠,自愿提供公共品。本文通过一个公共品自愿捐献实验,验证并分析研究了公共品自愿捐献博弈中,人们在多次博弈中的决策变化及其原因,分析了奖惩机制在博弈中起到的作用,进一步帮助解决现实中的公共品供给中遇到的难题。希望通过此类实验经济学研究的方法,更准确地统计分析出公共品自愿捐献的背后的原因及主要影响自愿贡献额的因素,从而为政策制定等解决方案提供一个经济学的科学参考依据。     

财政支出偏向背景下公共服务供给与住房价值关系研究——基于优化公共产品供给结构视角

本文运用1998-2012年全国30个省市区的住房市场数据,从优化公共产品供给结构视角,借鉴Hedonic模型分析公共服务供给对住房价值的影响程度,为检验公共产品资本化理论在中国的适用性提供相关证据.实证研究表明,在控制其他变量条件下,教育、医疗、社保类公共服务供给负向影响住房价值.这与传统的公共产品资本化理论不一致,可能因为财政支出结构失衡背景下,地方政府选择性供给公共产品,与居民多样性的公共品需求偏好出现了矛盾.最后,建议政府在重视公共产品供给规模的同时,更应重视公共品内在结构优化,实现住房财富的保值和增值,确保社会的稳定和谐.     

农村区域性公共品有效供给的新视角——基于浙江村级公共品供给的调研

实现农村公共品有效供给一直是三农问题关注的焦点,而且政府承担着主要的供给责任。对于具有需求偏好差异的农村区域性公共品而言,政府完全主导的供给模式却是导致效率损失的主要原因。正是基于这一点考虑,并结合浙江省村级公共品的调研,本文提出实现农村区域性公共品有效供给的新模式———政府诱导供给模式,即通过税收惠免、财政奖补等激励政策,诱导私人或村集体积极参与农村区域性公共品供给,弥补县级政府效率损失。     

利他惩罚威胁足以维系社会合作吗——一项公共品实验研究

大量实验研究显示,被罚者能够立即“可知的”利他惩罚可以有效地维系公共品自愿供给合作,这是破解社会合作难题的突破口.但近年来,这种实验设计招致诸多质疑.本文重新审视了人们的利他惩罚意愿,分析了人们对他人的利他惩罚预期及其对社会合作的影响.研究发现,更为严格意义上的利他惩罚确实存在,但利他惩罚威胁不足以维系社会合作,搭便车者往往会低估他人的利他惩罚.基于当前中国社会的利他惩罚乏力、利他惩罚预期不足的基本判断,本文提出,应积极拓展利他惩罚渠道、畅通惩罚作用路径,在私人惩罚与公共惩罚的互动中,形成有力的失信惩戒机制,从而进一步强化利他惩罚对违规、卸责、搭便车等机会主义行为的威慑.这是当前推进社会治理的一个有效抓手.     

Brown＇s Blossom in Britain-China

The overall strategic relationship between U.K. and China is ＂better than ever＂, China- Britain relations have maintained good momentum, with increased high-level exchanges and the reinforcement of strategic mutual trust, with more room for growth in the future.     

Challenge and Opportunity Go Hand in Hand——What Global Economic Agitation Brings to the China's Economy?

Domino effects of the global finance agitation As the origin of the subprime crisis,US financial institutions lost USS45 billion last year,accounted for over half of the total US,EU & Japan loss.Since January 15th,Chtigroup released its financial statement of the 4th quarter,showing a net deficit of USS9.83 billion,which marked the hisoric high of its quarterly deficit.     

Sinosteel：Extraordinary Moves in Industry Chess

Among the Fortune 500 firms,more and more images from China emerge out.On the 2008 list,Sinosteel Corporation,a landmark group of China industries quietly squeezes into the candidate line.As the largest steel service ＆ trade enterprise,its sales reached at RMB 111.24 billion,with a year-on-year increase of 83.03 percent,and the profit grew by 180.03 percent.On the Sinosteel 2008 Work Meeting,the president Huang Tianwen uttered,＂In the coming year,we will work for US$20 billion sales,and look forward to getting a position in Fortune 500 firms for ourselves.＂     

Walk Through Unusual Five Years—— An Exhibitor＇s Canton Fair Course

When the 103rd Canton Fair is approaching, an old friend of Canton Fair, Li Ying from Jiangsu prov-ince recollected his past five years＇ experiences to the grand trade meeting. Each year is special, with some unforgettable memories colored by the year.     

Jean-Pierre Duprieu： Willing to Be A Legate of Sino-French Business

Estaing, former French president, Valery Giscard d＇Estaing attended Sino-French Economic Seminar held in Shanghai in early April and said that the world center has shifted from the west to the east with many European and US companies entering into Asia, and China has the ability to play an important role in the world stage. Estaing, naming himself＂French Confucian＂, then said in Chinese that a cook-group includes 10 people in ancient Chinese soldier system and the cook is in charge of cooking for them. And people who belong to the same cook are actually ＂Partners＂.     

China''''s Stock Market Wave

The annual meeting of the World Economy Forum was held in Davos,a little town in Switzerland,on January 23rd to the 27th this year,with the theme"the Power fo Collaborative Innovation",over 2500 celebrates from ture political and cconomic circles of more than 80 countries and challengred logether to talk about the future of the global economy in 2008,A Forum for the problems and challenges that face whole world,some of the keywords which drew attention during the event were:the U.S.subprime mortgage crisis,soaring energy prices,the economic slowdown in the U.S.ermerging economic bodies,authority funds and the general unpredictable nature of the global economy.     

Trade Promotion from Neighborhood

If you are considering to trade with companies in Japan or expanding your .business to Japan, we are ready to help from the very beginning.＂ You will find this greeting at the first sight on the Chinese website of Japan External Trade Organization （JETRO）. JETRO has committed itself in delivering highly efficient and quality services to meet the demand of internal and external customs including Japanese companies, hence winning a good reputation in the international trade arena. In recent years, with its priority in advancing business cooperation in South and East Asia, JETRO has made great achievement in promoting trade between China and Japan. Therefore, China＇s Foreign Trade interviewed Mr. Yoichi Maine, Deputy Director General of JETRO BEIJING.     

Auto Parts Market Potential Coming into Surface

Looking at the increasingly fierce competition in the world auto market. global automobile manufacturing industry, taking Europe, the U.S. and Japan as representatives, is gradually forming a new type of relationship, mutual cooperation between whole vehicle and parts manufacturers. We can clearly see that auto parts manufacturers have become independent from the whole vehicle manufacturing companies, which means that the former structure of auto industry has greatly changed, and a new relationship,     

Public Financial Expenditure——A Reflection of the Livelihood Improvement

In recent years.China's public finance put social construction high on the agenda and attaches more importance on livelihood insurance and improvement.The 2003-2007 public financial expenditure reflects a fact that the government isputting more emphasis on livelihood andissues concerning the people.     

Voices from the MPC and CPPCC

"Crucial for economic growth.energy utilization has its role in all economic sectors and every aspect of people's daily life.Now we are in dire need of a new profession,namely energy manager.We not only need to have passion and responsibility,but also a scientific approach to conserve energy and cut emissions.APpropriate legislation should be in place.and a special profession should be introduced to ensure the implementation of these laws and regulations."