Labor Market Integration and Its Effect on Child Labor

This note demonstrates that when developing countries remove barriers to migration and integrate their labor markets, children may be driven out of schools and into informal or paid employment in the comparatively rich countries. In industrialized countries, the same mechanism might drive families into social security or government-subsidized jobs.     

Child Labor and Exploitation in Turn-of-the-Century Cotton Mills

This paper tests the claims of historians and labor reformers that turn-of-the-century industrialists exploited children in cotton mills, particularly in the South. The paper compares mill children′s earnings with estimates of their value of marginal product and also reports empirical earnings functions. Test results are consistent with, though they do not prove, the absence of exploitation. Children′s earnings in Southern mills were roughly equal to their value of marginal product. Children′s pay in both the North and the South depended on such characteristics as age, schooling, and experience. While neither test of exploitation is decisive in itself, there is no clear evidence of neoclassical economic exploitation in either Northern or Southern cotton mills.     

Poverty and Other Determinants of Child Labor in Bangladesh

In this research we examine poverty and other determinants of child labor in Bangladesh. We define income quintiles as a means of measuring family poverty and add child and family characteristics to our model. We estimate the likelihood that a child will work, using separate logistic regression models for younger and older boys and girls in urban and rural areas. Our results support the notion that a family's poverty affects the probability that a child will work; keeping children away from work is a luxury these families cannot afford. Moreover, it is important to examine separate demographic groups in order to fully understand the determinants of child labor in Bangladesh since the effects of child and family variables on the probability that a child will work differ among these groups.     

编点制:“人职适配”视域下政府编制的弹性化规划

文章直面“讨价还价”的惯常现象及“减而复增”恶性轨迹,政府部门人员编制管理应在整体性理路导引下突破数量维度的思维限囿,在多方位考量编制构造中顾及编制质量、结构和功能层面,进而审视编制运行机理,充分关注人员与职位的对应性联动而突显人职适配的编制性状,并在此基础上生成人职适配指数,以及相对应的编制点,构设定期性调整的政府编制“弹性”框架,因政府职能强调随机性安排其人员额度、领导职数、编制结构及人员质量,进而在人员数量及质量差距调控中探索人员编制“质量换数量”的管理新路向。     

我国土地的数量、质量及其承载力

土地问题是个国策问题。本系统揭示了我国土地分布特点和土地数量、质量的现状。根据联合国为保证温饱提出的人均耕地的警戒线和我国曾经实行的粮食定量供应的经验，提出了人均占有粮食和耕地的标准。经过对我国农业生产力水平、粮食总产及人口发展对粮食总需求的分析，认为：只要依靠政策，加大科技投入，我国耕地的最大承载力，能满足13亿人（2030年以16亿人计）的吃饭问题。     

父母对子女的私人转移支付与子女劳动力供给

利用中国家庭金融调查(CHFS) 2013年数据,本文考察了来自父母的私人转移支付对子女劳动力供给的影响。采用父亲和母亲的受教育年限作为私人转移支付的工具变量克服了计量模型可能存在的内生性问题。研究发现,父母对子女的私人转移支付每提高1%,子女的日、周、年劳动力供给将分别降低0. 0254%、0. 0536%、0. 0991%,据此测算,父母对子女的私人转移支付每增加1元将使全国劳动力日劳动供给减少约5. 24万小时。进一步的影响机制分析发现,父母通过私人转移支付"购买"子女提供的关爱、照料服务而挤出了子女的劳动力供给是导致上述结果的重要原因。研究还发现,来自父母的私人转移支付对子女劳动力供给的影响只存在集约边际,而不存在广延边际,即其仅减少了子女的劳动供给时间,而并没有使子女退出劳动力市场。本文的研究有助于理解自上而下的代际转移支付带来的经济影响。     

Quality and Quantity Competition in a Multiproduct Duopoly

This article proposes a Cournot model of two‐stage competition to examine the patterns of vertical product differentiation in a multiproduct duopoly. Firms simultaneously choose the number of products and their qualities at the first stage and compete in quantities at the second stage. We show that when the fixed setup cost of a product is high enough to result in a monopoly outcome, the monopolist always sells a single product. Moreover, in any equilibrium of a multiproduct duopoly, quality differentiation between them will develop into a nonsegmented pattern because each firm desires to avoid a strong effect of cannibalization. The set of equilibria reveals the properties of quality differentiation between multiproduct firms. In a multiproduct duopoly, the profit from a high‐quality product can be lower than that from a low‐quality product. This finding sharply contrasts with the literature on single‐product firms, which finds the high‐quality advantage.     

Cyclical Quality Adjustment in the Labor Market

Various reasons have been put forward to explain the stylized fact that the wages of job starters are more procyclical than the wages of workers who don't change jobs. I explore the theoretical and empirical basis for one such reason: firms adjust the quality of workers assigned to jobs over the business cycle. I show that there is evidence that quality adjustment is an important feature of cyclical adjustment in labor markets. New hires of any particular ability level get lower quality jobs in recessions than in booms. The results indicate that about half of the wage procyclicality of new hires can be ascribed to variation in the matches between firms and workers over the business cycle. These systematic changes in assignment imply that government policy aimed at high-skill sectors can have positive effects on low-skill individuals by increasing the probability that they upgrade occupation and industry.     

博物馆群:质与量并举的时代

就大环境来说,济南即将步入"博物馆群"时代。博物馆的扩张能够更广泛地渗透群众生活,唤起市民对本土传统文化的共鸣和热情,还能"联网"济南的历史文化资源展示平台和渠道,对全市经济社会的发展、文化软实力的提升必将产生深远影响。对"博物馆群"而言,质的提升更加重要,管理和发展思路应该因"馆"制宜,     

Social Globalization and Child Labor: A Cross‐country Analysis

While much of the research on child labor focuses on household level factors, macroeconomic factors, such as globalization, have gained increasing attention. This paper contributes to the literature on the role of globalization in child labor by examining a specific aspect of globalization, namely social globalization. The results of the empirical analysis indicate that social globalization does have a significant negative impact on the average incidence of child labor in the cross‐country sample of developing countries. This contrasts with the existing literature on economic globalization and child labor, where, in many cases, no significant effect is found.     

数字技术融合对企业创新数量与质量的影响

以268家医疗装备企业为研究对象,从Himmpat专利数据库获取2002—2022年的15 446条专利数据,构建“数字-医疗”技术融合网络,基于量与质的视角实证分析数字技术融合对企业创新绩效的影响。采用负二项固定效应回归模型进行实证研究。结果表明,互补性数字技术融合和替代性数字技术融合均对企业创新质量和数量具有正向影响,融合波动性负向调节上述关系。     

Child Labor in Carpet Weaving: Impact of Social Labeling in India and Nepal

Does the labeling of tradable products like carpets which have been produced without child labor increase the welfare of children and their families? This paper presents results of surveys conducted in India and Nepal. The findings suggest a positive link between social labeling and the removal of child laborers for households above the subsistence level. However, for households below the subsistence level, no significant influence has been found.