Index Number Theory Using Differences Rather Than Ratios

A bstract    Traditional index number theory decomposes a value ratio into the product of a price index times a quantity index. The price (quantity) index is interpreted as an aggregate price (quantity) ratio. The present paper takes an alternative approach to index number theory, started by Bennet and Montgomery in the 1920s, which decomposes a value difference into the sum of a price difference plus a quantity difference. Axiomatic and economic approaches to this alternative branch of index theory are considered in the present paper. The analysis presented has some relevance to accounting theory in which revenue, cost, or profit changes need to be decomposed into price quantity components or where standard or budgeted performance is compared with actual performance (variance analysis). The methodology presented in the paper is also relevant for consumer surplus analysis.     

Concentration behavior of the penalized least squares estimator

Consider the standard nonparametric regression model and take as estimator the penalized least squares function. In this article, we study the trade‐off between closeness to the true function and complexity penalization of the estimator, where complexity is described by a seminorm on a class of functions. First, we present an exponential concentration inequality revealing the concentration behavior of the trade‐off of the penalized least squares estimator around a nonrandom quantity, where such quantity depends on the problem under consideration. Then, under some conditions and for the proper choice of the tuning parameter, we obtain bounds for this nonrandom quantity. We illustrate our results with some examples that include the smoothing splines estimator.     

基于灰色马尔可夫模型的物流园区物流量预测研究

物流量预测是物流园区规划和管理的一项重要内容.本文将灰色系统理论与马尔可夫链相结合,介绍了灰色模型-马尔可夫链预测物流园区物流量的预测方法,并对某物流园区未来三年的物流量进行预测,结果表明比单纯利用灰色模型进行预测更加准确可靠.     

构建我国内部审计质量体系的几点思考

国内的一些重大集体舞弊案引发了众多学者对我国内部审计质量的关注。本文从分析我国内部审计质量的现状入手,试图寻找相应的对策,构建我国内部审计质量体系,以提高我国内部审计质量。     

工科专业学困生现状分析及教育对策研究

本文以笔者所在高校为例对工科专业学困生问题进行了研究,从数量和分布两个角度分析了工科专业学困生的现状,并从内外因两方面分析了工科专业学困生的成因,进而对工科专业学困生的教育对策进行了探索,并提出了一些政策建议。     

需求受定购数量影响的供应链合同设计问题

本文针对一类市场需求受定购影响的问题提出了最佳合同设计问题。现实生活中上网卡或者高档消费品等特殊商品，数量卖的过多，顾客对该商品的评价下降，从而购买量也会相应下降，因此零售商需要考虑如何制定定购数量和合同形式使得自身利益最大。经对目前各种合同形式的研究，发现buy-back合同是最合适的合同形式，它能够达到供应链最佳协调的效果并能实现利润在供应链伙伴间任意分配。     

基于零售商促销的渠道协调及数量折扣契约设计

定量研究当零售商具有促销策略时的渠道协调。在此种情形下，渠道成员独立决策时线形契约无法促成渠道协调，通过博弈模型分析，给出一种协调数量折扣价格契约，并对渠道协调后的利润分配作了初步探讨。结果表明，制造商促使该类渠道达成协调的数量折扣有无穷多个，在一定条件下渠道成员双方利润均会增加，并给出了算例分析。同时根据数量折扣形式，对传统的“入场费”问题进行了再讨论，得出了“入场费”与渠道协调之间的关系，进而揭示出“入场费”在实践中深层含义。     

对全国发电量时间序列问题的经济计量建模分析

经济计量问题从某种意义上来说就是对数据的规律性认识,以及应用这种规律性来指导预测和决策。从数据所属的时空界限来分,我们可以将数据分为截面数据和时间序列或者是二者的合成数据。并且随着时间序列分析方法的完善,尤其在长期决策中时间序列分析也变得越来越常用。本文给出时间序列的B-J方法详细论述,并结合全国发电量时间序列研究其应用价值。     

The Lowest Supply and Demand of Engineering Officers of National Vessels in Taiwan

This article is based on the number of engineering officers from 1994 to 2000 in Taiwan, and adopts a 6-year moving average to work out the transition probability of engineering officers and to construct an absorbing Markov Transition Matrix to forecast the terms of seniority and annual supply in each hierarchy. In order to estimate the minimum number of vessels needed, this article also employed the quantity of demand for imported consumer goods from 1994 to 2000 in Taiwan and applied a Grey model to predict the annual quantity of demand for imported consumer goods. Furthermore, this article estimated the minimum number of demand for engineering officers according to the minimum number of vessels needed. In addition, this paper used cross-analysis to investigate the manpower supply and demand of engineering officers in Taiwan and obtained some important results, which can be valuable references for pertinent authorities.     

Sluggish quantity adjustment in a non-clearing market—a disequilibrium econometric application to the loan market

The paper argues that the estimated speed of price adjustment in a disequilibrium econometric model is likely to be biased if allowance is not made for quantity adjustment inertia on both sides of the market. Furthermore, if the model estimated is static rather than dynamic then, in certain circumstances, an excess demand regime may be mistaken for one of excess supply and vice-versa. In an empirical application to the loan market for the clearing banks in Ireland we can claim to have obtained some support for this belief.     

Bertrand oligopoly in a spatial context: The case of quantity independent transportation costs

The theory of spatial competition [for a review, see Gabszewicz and Thisse (1985)] is usually based on the assumption of transportation costs which are proportionate to distance and quantity. In reality, however, there exist frequently considerable economies of scale, especially with respect to the conveyed quantity of goods. A good case in point is transportation cost incurred by a consumer patronizing a shopping area. Cost economies of scale will in general influence consumers' optimal choice with respect to quantities and best market places. In the extreme, consumers' outlays on transportation can be considered independent of the purchased quantity, but approximately proportionate to distance. In the present paper, the impact of this assumption on spatial competition is analysed. It will be shown, that existence and uniqueness of spatial oligopolistic equilibrium is restored. Furthermore, due to some residual monopolistic power, prices do not converge to the perfectly competitive equilibrium prices when the distance between the firms shrinks to zero. In conclusion the model exhibits a fundamental difference in the market structure, when the spatial aspect is incorporated.     

新时期农村经济研究的重点探析

近年来,经济学家对我国农村经济的发展进行了深入的研究,取得了一定的进展。在这个过程中我们发现,研究所采用的方法是决定研究成果数量和质量的一个重要因素。本文就针对新时期农村经济研究的方法进行主要的讨论。     

Modelling factor demands with SEM and VAR: an empirical comparison

The empirical analysis of the economic interactions between factors of production, output and corresponding prices has received much attention over the last two decades. Most contributions in this area have agreed on the neoclassical principle of a representative optimizing firm and typically use theory-based structural equation models (SEM). A popular alternative to SEM is the vector autoregression (VAR) methodology. The most recent attempts to link the SEM approach with VAR analysis in the area of factor demands concentrate on single-equation models, whereas no effort has been devoted to compare these alternative approaches when a firm is assumed to face a multi-factor technology and to decide simultaneously the optimal quantity for each input. This paper bridges this gap. First, we illustrate how the SEM and the VAR approaches can both represent valid alternatives to model systems of dynamic factor demands. Second, we show how to apply both methodologies to estimate dynamic factor demands derived from a cost-minimizing capital-labour-energy-materials (KLEM) technology with adjustment costs (ADC) on the quasi-fixed capital factor. Third, we explain how to use both models to calculate some widely accepted indicators of the production structure of an economic sector, such as price and quantity elasticities, and alternative measures of ADC. In particular, we propose and discuss some theoretical and empirical justifications of the differences between observed elasticities, measures of ADC, and the assumption of exogeneity of output and/or input prices. Finally, we offer some suggestions for the applied researcher.      

The Relationship between the Firm Size and the Quantity of Accountants Employed by the Firm： An Analysis of the 436 Listed Firms in the Chinese Shenzhen Stock Exchange

There are 9.56 million accountants in China, who are working in different size firms and nonprofit organizations. The objective of this article is to examine the quantitative relationship between the firm size and the quantity of accountants working for the firm. In this paper, the employees, sales revenues, and total assets in a firm are employed to measure firm size. The authors collect and analyze the data of 436 listed firms from the Chinese Shenzhen Stock Exchange. The result of this study indicates there is a positive relationship between the firm size and the quantity of accountants employed by the firm. The study also establishes the multiple regression equation, which can be used to predict the quantity of accountants of listed firms. And it provides a way to predict the quantity of accountants of legal organizations.     

招标代理机构在工程量清单计价招标阶段的工程造价控制策略

造价控制是建设项目管理的重要内容之一。实行工程量清单计价招标对于造价控制具有深刻的影响。为加强工程量清单计价招标方式下的招标阶段的造价控制,招标代理机构应积极协助招标人在招标文件编审、招标过程管理和合同管理等方面,强化管理和创新工作;同时,建议政府管理部门应抓紧编制与工程量清单计价招标方式相适应的施工发承包合同范本。     

高职“双师型”教师队伍建设问题

我国高等职业教育走过了十年的告诉发展时期,高职院校的数量、质量都有了显著的变化,但是也存在着一定的问题,最显著的就是"双师型"教师,不仅数量上不足,而且质量上夜不高。建设"双师型"教师队伍关系到了高等职业教育的健康发展,也是职业教育改革发展的需要。     

The joint determination of ‘Quality’ and price in standardized products: A comparative dynamic analysis

Every supermarket provides many examples of attempts lo develop more economical standardized products which will attract additional customers while guaranteeing the user that the quantity will be acceptable. We assume this process involves development costs incurred in reducing the amount incorporated in a monopoly product of its dominant product-characteristic. A comparative dynamic analysis is used to explore the search for lower prices and higher output. The heightened vulnerability of the firm to market forces and some policy implications of the analysis are brought out.     

Aggregation in Input–Output Models: Prices and Quantities

This paper develops a joint theory of aggregation of input–output quantity and price models. The main emphasis is on the problem of aggregation of industries in the models. While aggregation of quantity models is a familiar topic in economic literature, the aggregation of price models is a largely unexplored subject. Here, however, quantity and price models are considered as two parts of a single, composite flow model. This understanding implies that each result in the quantity model has dual counterpart in the price model and vice versa. Through consistent use of this duality principle, significant results are developed for both model types, and a number of well-known results can be stated in a simpler way. Specifically, a number of conditions for perfect aggregation of final demands, primary inputs and industries in price models as well as quantity models are formulated. On this basis a new indicator of aggregation bias is suggested. The indicator can be decomposed into the contributions of each detailed industry, enabling the user to identify atypical industries in each group. Furthermore, the indicator can be computed even with no knowledge of the coefficients of the detailed models.     

重庆市“十二五”建设教育需求研究

重庆市建设事业的发展与行业人才队伍的素质密切相关,建设教育培训对于提高行业人才队伍的素质至关重要,因此要重视建设教育培训。本文引入了GM(1,1)灰色预测模型对"十二五"期间重庆市建设行业专业技术和职业技能人才培训需求进行预测,并分析了重庆市未来需加强培训的人员类别。最后为重庆市建设教育培训工作的全面可持续发展提供合理建议。     

A comment on consumer demand systems with binding non-negativity constraints

Wales and Woodland (1983) have proposed an econometric model to deal with non-negativity constraints in systems of demand equations. This paper points out the relationship between the Wales-Woodland model and the simultaneous equation/limited dependent variable model of Amemiya (1974). This relationship is important because Amemiya has proposed a simple estimation procedure that can be utilized for some cases of the Wales-Woodland model. The issue of internal consistency (or coherency) for models of this type is discussed. I show that internal consistency for the Wales-Woodland model is equivalent to the second-order condition for systems of demand equations without binding quantity constraints.