Papua New Guinea's tax performance, 1965-77

The PNG Goverment increased its tax ratio from 6.6 to 15% over the period, 1965–1977. Estimates of the buoyancy and the elasticity of the major taxes are also high compared to those obtained for other less developed countries. There are significant differences between the tax bouyancy and the tax elasticity to show that considerable efforts were made to collect more tax revenue through discretionary fiscal policies. However, a possible weakness exists in these discretionary policies, in that the collection of more revenue was brought about mainly by raising the tax rates of the existing major taxes and little attention was paid to the search for new tax bases.     

关于我国个人所得税制度的思考

我国的个人所得税制度自1980年建立以来,在调节收入分配,缩小贫富差距,增加财政收入方面起到了积极的作用。随着我国经济的快速发展,我国个人所得税制度在税制模式、课税标准、税率、起征点方面日益暴露出其存在的问题。文章认为,建立分类和综合相结合的混合税制,依据物价指数和国家经济形势的发展适时调整费用扣除标准和个税起征点,适当降低边际税率、调整级距是当前个人所得税制度改革需要研究的问题。     

税收流失的经济效应分析及治理对策

在经济全球化的进程中,"税收流失"这一由来已久的现象再一次以全新的面孔出现在人们面前,成为社会各界普遍关注的焦点,也是困扰各国政府的难点。税收流失不仅造成经济运行秩序的紊乱,破坏了公平竞争机制,而且造成国家财政紧缺,政府宏观调控能力减弱,甚至威胁主权国家的经济安全和社会稳定。本文分析了税收流失的经济效应,并在总结我国税收流失原因的基础上提出了相应的政策建议。     

Joint-Product Export Smuggling and Export Tax Policy

The effect of smuggling on tax revenue collection and the revenue-maximizing tax rate is an unresolved issue in the smuggling literature. Clandestine and joint-product smuggling models arrive at different conclusions concerning smuggling's effect on tax revenue collection and the revenue-maximizing tax rate. Clandestine (joint-product) smuggling is consistent with the assumption that legal and illegal trade are substitutable (complementary) activities for the exporting firm. The effect of smuggling on the tax rate and tax revenue is shown to be dependent on whether smuggling and legal trade are assumed to be complementary or substitutable activities.     

生态税收与可持续发展

文章以可持续发展要求下的税收理论为研究对象,研究的目的是在可持续发展的背景下,探讨税收在其中的作用以及税收服务于可持续发展的现实性.文章基本思路是由总到分、由普遍到特殊、由理论到实践进而联系到我国实际,通过对我国现有税种中具有生态效应的相关税收的分析,特别是在我国东、中、西部地区资源及资源税状况进行统计分析的基础上,提出我国现行税制顺应可持续发展要求的改革建议.     

上海市税收征管效率提高的定量测算与分析:1994-2007

征管效率提高对税收增长贡献的测算是税收理论研究中的一个薄弱环节,文章用Solow余值法对1994—2007年间的上海市税收征管效率进行了定量测算,结果表明在此期间税收征管效率对上海市税收增长的贡献率约为43.86%,文章最后分析了税收征管效率大幅提高的原因及其政策含义。     

石油国内税的价格效应——基于垂直市场结构的研究

石油进口国的国内税政策不仅影响消费者价格,还通过垂直市场结构传导影响石油公司买卖价差和国际石油价格。本文发现,在生产与贸易中介环节的不同市场结构组合下,石油国内税的价格效应明显不同。如果石油公司间竞争不强,国内税价格传递弹性为负,国际价格下降而石油公司要价上升;如果石油公司间竞争很强,国内税价格传递弹性为正,国际价格和石油公司要价同向下降。结合美国、欧盟和日本的需求弹性特征,实证结果支持了本文的理论分析结果,也为美国、欧盟和日本实际国内税率与最优税率的偏离提供了证据。     

减税万亿势在必行

一家年营业额不到300万的服务业小企业,按当前的税费征收标准,需缴纳的核定税费为营业额的8．2％。其中营业税5％,城建税是营业税的7％,教育附加是营业税的3％,地方教育附加为营业税的2％,税务局认定行业利润率为10％,所得税足利润的25％。     

The Elasticity of Taxable Income: The Case of South Africa

A key tax policy parameter that has received much attention in the international literature, but about which there is substantial uncertainty, is the overall elasticity of taxable income. The size of this parameter is central to the formulation of tax and transfer policy, as well as for the study of the welfare implications of tax decisions. This paper uses a panel of individual tax returns for the period 2009–2013 and the phenomenon of “bracket creep” to construct instrumental variable estimates of the sensitivity of income to changes in tax rates. Estimates suggest that the overall elasticity of taxable income is approximately 0.3, while that of broad income is significantly lower. The overall response is primarily driven by the elastic response of taxable income for high‐income earners, who have an elasticity of closer to 0.4. Using the elasticity estimates within an optimal tax framework, it is determined that the optimal marginal tax rate for the top 10% of income earners is broadly in line with the current income tax schedule. However, results also suggest that there is little scope for raising marginal rates on high‐income earners further without inducing a negative revenue response.     

Managing Insurance Company Financial Statements to Meet Regulatory and Tax Reporting Goals*

This study investigates the extent to which property-casualty insurers select levels of loss reserves, net capital gains, and net stock transactions to meet solvency and tax reporting goals. Insurer solvency is reflected in financial measures known as IRIS (Insurance Regulatory Information System) ratios. IRIS ratios are generally enhanced by underestimating loss reserves, accelerating the realization of capital gains, postponing the realization of capital losses, issuing stock, and cutting dividends. Taxable income is reduced by reporting higher reserves and lower net capital gains on investments. We use simultaneous equations to model the three discretionary choices individually, while controlling for potential tradeoffs among the decisions. During the sample period of the study (1990-95), there is a shift in the regulatory environment that we argue tends to reduce incentives to meet IRIS goals. Specifically, risk-based capital (RBC) requirements were adopted in 1994. Although IRIS ratios continued to be used for solvency screening, their effect is expected to be diluted in the post-RBC period. Our results provide qualified support for this claim. Evidence of the phenomenon is stronger when the choice variables are net capital gains and stock transactions, and weaker when loss reserves are considered. Two of the three discretionary choices affect taxable income: loss reserves and capital gains. We find that tax incentives are significantly associated with the loss reserve estimate throughout the sample period. In contrast, our results are only weakly consistent with the view that capital gains are timed to achieve tax relief.     

The Distributional Effects of the Trump and Clinton Tax Proposals

Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, the Democratic and Republican candidates for President of the U.S. in 2016, proposed several changes in the federal tax code. Hillary Clinton would add a personal income tax surcharge of 4% on high annual incomes, limit the tax benefits of non-charitable deductions, set a minimum tax rate of 30% on taxpayers earning more than one million dollars a year, increase the tax rates on capital gains for taxpayers in the top tax bracket, and expand the base of the estate tax. Donald Trump would reduce the number of personal income tax rates, increase the standard personal deduction, cut all taxes on business income to no more than 15%, and abolish the inheritance tax. Using a tax calculator model, we estimate the static effects of these very different changes. Over a ten-year period, Clinton’s proposals would raise federal tax revenue by a total of $816 billion, an increase of 1.9% over projected baseline revenue, while Trump’s tax changes would lower tax revenue by $9.8 trillion. Clinton’s higher taxes would reduce incomes and revenue somewhat, while Trump’s tax cuts would potentially boost output substantially. Using an extended simulation model, we find that 86% of the incremental tax burden of Clinton’s tax increases would fall on those in the top tenth of the income distribution. Most other taxpayers would see only minor changes in their tax burdens, and the revenue and redistributive effects of her proposed changes are relatively modest. Meanwhile, 70% of Trump’s tax cuts would go to those in the top decile, and the effects are large, with gains of over $15,000 annually per person for this group, compared to gains of less than $500 per person for the poorest 40% of the population. On tax policy, the two candidates propose strikingly different policies.     

Tax Revenue Effects of Sectoral Growth and Public Expenditure in Uganda

This paper contributes to a growing strand of literature on the determinants of tax revenue performance in developing countries, particularly in Sub‐Saharan Africa. More specifically we estimate the tax elasticities of sectoral output growth and public expenditure. The unique features of this paper are twofold: First, we develop a simple analytical model for tax revenue performance taking into account some structural features pervasive in most developing countries with large informal sectors. Second, we test the model predictions on Ugandan time series data using ARDL bounds testing techniques. Results indicate that dominance of the agricultural and informal sectors pose the largest impediments to tax revenue performance. In addition development expenditures, trade openness, and industrial sector growth are positively associated with tax revenue performance. We propose policies to support the development of value added linkages between agricultural and industrial sectors while emphasizing the need to unlock the potentially large contributions of the informal sector with a view of widening the tax base.     

“十五”时期无锡服务业税收发展与思考

文章在清晰界定服务业税收相关概念的基础上，通过对无锡市服务业税源发展情况的调研，分析无锡市服务业税收的现状，并深入探讨影响无锡市服务业税收变化的因素，旨在正确评价服务业税收现状和发展趋势，从而对现行服务业税收征管工作提出建议。     

基于发挥我国个人所得税功能的税制改革思考

文章主要根据2008年12月份四川省城镇居民住户调查数据,就现行个人所得税的功能以及未来改革方向进行了探讨。我们认为现行的个人所得税缺乏对收入差距的调节能力,但是目前设定的个人所得税的免征额是合适的。通过对实际居民收入统计数据的试算,我们建议采纳综合所得税制代替目前的分类所得税制。     

我国税收超高速增长与经济增长分析(1994-2005)

2006年我国税收收入达到了37636.3亿元(不包括关税、耕地占用税和契税),比2005年增收6770.3亿元,增长21.9%。自1997年以来,我国税收一致保持超高速增长,平均年增长在20%以上。经济增长和价格因素对税收收入具有99.4%的解释力度,说明我国税制设计合理,具有较好的弹性,同时也说明了我国税收收入与经济的发展是协调一致关系。不存在有些学者所担心的税收是非正常高速增长,进而也就不存在税收收入高速增长压制经济发展的状况。     

Personal Income Tax Reform in China in 2018 and Its Impact on Income Distribution

In the context of personal income tax (PIT) reform in China in 2018, this paper examines some of the major issues of concern regarding the reform and income distribution. Using the China Personal Income Tax Micro‐simulation model, the paper compares the differences between the 2011 and 2018 PIT systems, and finds that residents relying on different income sources may face a large degree of real tax rate change. Once the tax system is altered to PIT 2018, the coverage of PIT for wage earners will decrease from 46.9 to 23.4 percent, the income redistributive effect will drop from 1.95 to 1.22 percent and the PIT's role in fiscal revenue will also be negatively affected. Nevertheless, if individual income continues to grow, the share of PIT in fiscal revenue is expected to return to the 2018 level in 2022, but its income redistribution function is difficult to recover in the short term. The paper finds that the effect of PIT on income distribution depends on the tax structure. Gradual transition to an “entirely comprehensive” tax system when conditions are appropriate will achieve better income redistribution results at a lower average tax rate.     

Changing Tax Elasticities Over Time: The Case of Tanzania

Abstract: In most studies, tax elasticity, which measures responsiveness of tax revenue to income growth, is assumed constant over time by the use of a double-log tax function. In practice, tax elasticities may change over time with changing tax structures and economic conditions. Neglecting tax elasticity changes can lead to inappropriate tax forecasts or policy recommendations. In this study, use of a flexible form tax function admits the possibility of fluctuating intertemporal tax elasticities. The model is applied to tax revenue data for Tanzania, a developing country in southeastern Africa, and intertemporal tax elasticities are estimated for the overall tax system and for major Tanzanian taxes. The unrestricted flexible form model is compared with alternative restricted models, and chi-squared tests are used to reject the restrictions in all cases. The general finding of the study is that tax elasticities in Tanzania have been varying over time, a warning to researchers who have been relying on constant elasticity models for estimating tax elasticities. Résumé: Dans la plupart des études, on prend pour hypothése qu'en utilisant une fonction double logarithmique pour les impôts, l'élasticité de l'im pôt qui mesure l'ajustement des recettes fiscales par rapport à la croissance des revenus, demeure constante. Dans la pratique, il se peut que I'élasticité de l'impôt évolue dans le temps avec les variations des structures de la fiscalité et des conditions économiques. Si on néglige l'éolution de l'élasticité de l'impôt, cette omission peut se traduire par des prévisions fiscales ou des recommandations de politique générale inadapées à la situation. Dans cette étude, le recours à une fonction flexible d'estimation de la fiscalité revient à admettre la possibilité de fluctuations, dans le temps, de l'élasticité de l'impôt. Ce modéle (fonction double logarithmique) est appliqué aux données concernant les recettes fiscales de la Tanzanie, un pays en développement du sud-est de l'Afrique, pour lequel des estimations des fluctuations dans le temps, de l'élasticité de l'impôt font l'objet d'estimations pour l'ensemble du systéme fiscal ainsi que pour les principaux impôts. Le modèle flexible sans contrainte est comparé au modèle avec contrainte. On a eu recours aux tests du khi-deux pour rejeter les hypothèses de contraintes dans tous les cas. Dans cette étude on en est arrivéà la conclusion que les élasticités de l'impôt en Tanzanie ont varié avec le temps. Cette conclusion est un avertissement aux chercheurs qui tablent sur des modèles d'élasticité constante pour faire des estimations de l'élasticité de l'impôt.     

The Tax Effect on Taxable Income from Privately Held Businesses

The implications of the tax elasticity of taxable income have been widely discussed in the literature. This study uses the reported rate of return to capture the effects of tax changes on taxable income from privately held businesses. Households' decisions concerning reporting rates of return are embedded in a selection model of business investment decisions. With 1983-1989 Survey of Consumer Finances panel data, the tax elasticity of the reported rates of return on privately held businesses is found to be positive and large. The tax elasticity of taxable income from privately held businesses is thus crucial for policy evaluation. Several reasons for the high tax elasticity and the implications of it are also discussed.     

影响我国税收收入增长因素的实证分析

当前税收收入与经济发展之间的关系是否协调,值得研究。通过建立回归模型,运用因素分析法、实证研究等方法,分析税收收入与其影响因素之间的关系,便于采取相应对策,以发挥税收促进财政收入和经济发展的作用。     

企业会计制度与涉外企业所得税政策差异分析

企业会计制度在收入、费用和损失的确认和计量方面的变化,使得会计制度与涉外企业所得税法在收益、费用和损失的确认和计量标准上产生较大差异,导致会计实务中,涉外企业计缴所得税时调整项目增多,难度加大。为避免涉外企业因会计制度与涉外税收政策之间的差异,影响企业所得税的计算,本文分别从收入、资产和费用三个方面进行了会计与涉外税收差异的比较分析。