The Consistency of Merger Decisions at the South African Competition Commission

The South African Competition Commission's merger decisions for fiscal year (FY) 2002 through FY2009 are analysed to empirically identify the factors historically influencing prohibition, conditional approval and unconditional approval, as well as the factors historically influencing whether merger applications are deemed non‐complex, complex or very complex. The focus of the analysis is on whether or not the historical process has remained consistent through time, and whether or not that process can be obviously linked to the provisions of the 1998 Competition Act. Initial results point to behaviour that is not consistent over the time period considered; however, those inconsistencies are removed, once additional measures of market contestibility, associated with the 1998 Competition Act are included in the analysis. The final results suggest that the commission is less likely to approve mergers that they link to markets that are less contestable. In addition to protecting competition, the commission is simultaneously protecting other public interests. Therefore, our research supports the hypothesis that the commission consistently applies its legislative remit.     

跨境贸易人民币结算实践历程及其启示

新中国成立以来我国跨境贸易人民币结算经历了四个发展时期:试行人民币计价结算阶段、边境贸易人民币结算阶段、清迈倡议框架下的货币互换机制和积极稳妥和全面推进跨境贸易人民币结算阶段。本文总结各个时期跨境贸易人民币结算的特征,在此基础上提出相应的启示。     

从跨境贸易人民币结算看人民币国际化战略

中国改革开放以后经历了本币和外币政策的重大变化.2008年金融危机爆发后,人民币国际化不仅成为保护实体企业的一项短期应对措施,而且成为中国一项重要的国际金融战略.推进跨境贸易人民币计算是人民币国际化路线图的重要一步.这一行动取得了一定成果,但是并没有达到预期效果.进一步推进跨境贸易人民币结算的运行面临诸多问题的挑战.在...     

跨境贸易以人民币结算:路径选择与风险

跨境贸易以人民币结算是人民币国际化的基石,本文重点分析了对外贸易结算货币的不同组合及其对贸易差额的影响,对现阶段中国跨境贸易结算货币的特征进行了讨论。研究发现,中国政府大力推进跨境贸易以人民币作为结算货币,在进口方面将使得国内的进口企业无法利用人民币升值减少实际支出。在出口方面,人民币结算比重的扩大将减缓外汇储备的增长速度,但与保出口的宏观经济目标相冲突,同时这一政策导向对中国企业的出口竞争力也提出了更大的挑战。     

贸易自由化进程的国家利益分析

文章以国家利益为视角,分析从GATT到WTO的贸易自由化进程,说明国家利益是贸易自由化的内在动力,中国在贸易自由化进程中既要遵循国际惯例,更要遵循“国家利益原则”。     

国际贸易结算币种的选择——实证分析及对中国的启示

本文首先总结了国际贸易结算货币的宏观前提条件和进出口商在贸易实践中的经验法则。继而通过收集全球41个国家1992～2007年的样本数据,从出口国货币、进口国货币和媒介货币计价结算三个视角进行实证研究。分析结果表明,除了汇率制度、货币的可兑换性等制度变量外,汇率的波动性、进出口贸易的规模、方向和结构也是影响结算币种选择的关键因素。因而,人民币国际结算若要取得重大进展,不仅要逐步完成资本项目的开放,完善汇率形成机制,还要努力实现贸易出口多元化,并致力于产品结构的优化升级。     

Entrepreneurial Planning in a Regulated Environment: the U.S. Federal Maritime Commission and the Maritime Industry

Entrepreneurs exploit market opportunities and innovate to achieve or maintain strategic advantage over their competitors. In the absence of government regulation, entrepreneurs are free to focus on improving satisfaction of customer wants, for example, by enhancing current goods, supplying new goods, or supplying established goods at lower cost. In a regulated market, entrepreneurs focus on satisfying regulatory authorities, for example, to earn rate increases, subsidies, or tax benefits. Economists normally conceptualize regulation as restricting entrepreneurial choice over prices charged, including general prohibitions against price discrimination, or as imposing additional costs on business enterprises through mandating actions entrepreneurial planners would not otherwise have chosen, or prohibiting actions which would have been freely chosen. This paper examines the role of a specific regulatory agency, the Federal Maritime Commission, and its regulatory oversight of the maritime shipping sector. Business strategy and public policy implications will be developed, as well as implications for the growth and development of the shipping industry. The history and nature of government intervention in the maritime sector will be reviewed. The presence of a regulatory authority at least partly substitutes a kind of bureaucratic sovereignty over the consumer sovereignty of an unregulated market. Regulated firms compete for favors from the regulatory authority, and in a regulated environment strategic advantage is directed away from entrepreneurial planners to political entrepreneurs.

建立两岸经济合作中的争端解决机制

两岸分别加入世界贸易组织后，经济交往与合作的步伐势必加快，发生纠纷与争端的可能性也相应增加，探讨新形势下的两岸经济争端解决机制具有极强的现实意义。     

The New Deal at war: alphabet agencies’ expenditure patterns, 1940-1945

While a multitude of New Deal “relief, recovery, and reform” agencies were created in response to the 1930s economic shock, many of these same agencies were subsumed by the Federal Works Agency and played key national defense roles during the 1940s. We examine the wartime expenditure patterns of these agencies, as well as spending on war supply contracts and war-related industrial facilities, to determine whether Depression-era economic goals were addressed during the Second World War. We find that some specific aspects of the New Deal economic agenda were carried out during the war. Furthermore, wartime spending by the alphabet agencies was significantly correlated with the expenditure patterns of those agencies during the 1930s, suggesting that the transition from economic to military objectives may not have been as pointed as the Roosevelt Administration often asserted.     

并购尤尼科教训在哪里

对中国其他企业来说,未来中国企业的海外收购将越来越多,遭遇的反对和阻力也将是全方位的,而中国企业在面对这些阻力时,要学会以多种方式和国际语言来应对和沟通。[编者按]     

当前广东跨境贸易人民币结算状况分析

从2009年7月开始,截至2011年3月,广东作为第一批试点省份,跨境贸易人民币结算显示三个突出特征,亦即,人民币结算规模不大;区域范围主要集中在对港澳台及东盟贸易;主要集中于进口,出口所占比重很小。这三个特征的出现,估计主要与广东进出口结构、人民币升值趋势、出口企业竞争力以及人民币国际地位有关。     

金融危机背景下我国应对国际贸易摩擦的策略

在世界性金融危机背景下,国际贸易保护主义升温,我国正面临着日益严重的国际贸易摩擦。贸易保护主义、国际产业结构的重构、出口市场的集中及制度的缺陷是贸易摩擦形成的主要因素。基于此,我国应对贸易摩擦的策略是：反对贸易保护主义、优化产业结构、不断地开拓新的市场、完善与对外贸易有关的各项制度等。     

Spatial Price Discrimination and Merger: The N-Firm Case

The consequences of merger are analyzed in an N-firm model of spatial price discrimination. The merger occurs with known probability after location decisions have been made. The possibility of merger alters locations, generates inefficiency, and increases the profit of the merging firms. In the case of corner mergers, but never in the case of interior mergers, the possibility of merger may also reduce the profit of the excluded firms.     

新疆边贸结算货币存在的问题与对策

边贸结算的人民币化是国家推动人民币周边化、区域化,以实现国际化的路径之一。但是,新疆边贸结算货币在国家外汇管理局启动边贸本币结算的五年之后,美元依旧是最主要的结算货币,与其他边贸省份形成了较大反差。因此,本文在深入分析新疆边贸结算货币存在问题及原因的基础上,提出了推动新疆边贸结算人民币化的对策建议。     

并购还是自行投资:中国上市公司扩张方式选择研究

本文以中国沪深股市1998~2006年的A股上市公司为研究对象,对中国企业扩张方式(自行投资和外部扩张)的选择及其影响因素进行了探讨。研究表明,中国上市公司主要以自行投资作为主要的扩张方式。进一步的研究结果表明,实际控制人类别、董事会活跃度、股权集中度、现金、企业规模和是否有集团形式的母公司等因素显著地影响了企业扩张方式的选择;企业的两种扩张方式之间存在着显著的互补关系;实际控制人类别、董事会活跃度、成长性、现金、是否有集团形式的母公司、企业规模、无形资产规模等因素的差异造成了这两种扩张方式在规模上的差异。     

North-South interdependence: The case of the Federal Republic of Germany

This study examines economic relations between West Germany and the developing countries in the fields of trade, capital flows and migration of labour. Activity in most fields has expanded enormously since the mid-1960s; in addition the traffic has become markedly less one-way. For the purposes of analysis the developing countries are differentiated according to their economic capacity; prospects for co-operation with West Germany appear to differ markedly according to their stage of development. So German development policy, for its part, needs to employ a variety of different strategies. The more highly developed the partner country, the more the field can be left to private initiative, supported by a liberal foreign trade regime.     

改善金融服务环境 提高金融服务质量 积极开展跨境贸易人民币结算试点

4月8日,国务院常务会议决定,在上海市和广东省的广州、深圳、东莞和珠海等5城市开展跨境贸易人民币结算试点。在此之前,中国人民银行已先后与韩国、香港、马来西亚、白俄罗斯、印尼、阿根廷等国家和地区累计签署了总计达6500亿元的双边本币互换协议。     

改善金融服务环境 提高金融服务质量 积极开展跨境贸易人民币结算试点

4月8日，国务院常务会议决定，在上海市和广东省的广州、深圳,东莞和珠海等5城市开展跨境贸易人民币结算试点。在此之前，中国人民银行已先后与韩国、香港、马来西亚、白俄罗斯、印尼、阿根延等国家和地区累计签署了总计达6500亿元的双边本币互换协议。     

中国参与制定区域贸易协定争端解决机制初探

区域贸易协定的争端解决机制为缔约各方在协定中规定的权利与义务提供了保障,使得协定得以贯彻执行,保证了协定的正常运行。我国参与制定的区域贸易协定中也基本上包括了争端解决机制的内容。如何进一步加强和完善我国参与制定的区域贸易协定中的争端解决机制规定,包括借鉴美国和欧盟参与制定的自由贸易协定争端解决机制的经验,更好地保障和维护各缔约方在协定中规定的权利与义务,是本文的核心内容和价值所在。