Diversity at the Workplace: Whom Does it Benefit?

We examine whether firms and their employees benefit from age and educational diversity. At the plant level we explain productivity with workforce characteristics. Age diversity is positively and educational diversity negatively related to total factor productivity. These conclusions are robust to using alternative estimators (fixed effects, GMM, and Olley-Pakes approach). Individual gains are evaluated by estimating earnings equations with job match fixed effects. The explanatory variables include individual demographic variables, plant-level workforce characteristics and variables that describe the individuals’ relative position in the age, education, and gender structure of the plant. Plant-level diversity does not have a significant effect on individual wages. However, being different from others in terms of age, i.e. relational demography, is positively related to wage.     

Banker compensation,relative performance,and bank risk

A multi-agent, moral-hazard model of a bank operating under deposit insurance and limited liability is used to analyze the connection between compensation of bank employees (below CEO) and bank risk. Limited liability with deposit insurance is a force that distorts effort down. However, the need to increase compensation to risk-averse employees in order to compensate them for extra bank risk is a force that reduces this effect. Optimal contracts use relative performance and are implementable as a wage with bonuses tied to individual and firm performance. The connection between pay for performance and bank risk depends on correlation of returns. If employee returns are uncorrelated, the form of pay is irrelevant for risk. If returns are perfectly correlated, a low wage can indicate risk. Connections to compensation regulation and characteristics of organizations are discussed.     

兴趣与职业匹配实证研究:员工的感知

来自全国五个省市区的524份样本显示:(1)总体上看目前我国员工的个人兴趣与职业匹配程度很低,反映出我国在人力资源管理方面的落后;(2)不同所有制、不同学历员工对兴趣与职业匹配的感知存在显著差异,不同年龄员工对此感知差异亦有一定显著性,不同性别员工感知无差异。     

Vertical and Horizontal Educational Mismatches of Female Graduates in Taiwan

This study considers both vertical and horizontal educational mismatches, with the former referring to overeducation and undereducation, and the latter to the mismatch between college major and job. It is found that the wage premium of the vertical educational match is greater than that of the horizontal educational match. A better vertical match augments the wage premium of an improvement in the horizontal match, and vice versa. The horizontal educational mismatch appears to be an extended scenario of overeducation because graduates from colleges with low rankings have a higher probability of being vertically overeducated as well as horizontally mismatched. Graduates from highly‐ranked colleges are privileged to not only have high earnings but also to have low probabilities for the vertical and horizontal mismatches. These low probabilities indirectly raise their earnings. The indirect effects of academic characteristics on earnings are calculated. The approach we propose provides an insight into how academic characteristics comprehensively influence earnings.     

Returns to scale in producing human capital from schooling

This study examines a crucial assumption in much of the recentwork on endogenous growth, namely, constant returns to scalein producing human capital. A simple model is constructed toshow that the returns to scale in human capital production canbe inferred from the relationship between the wage rate andyears of schooling. A large international micro dataset is usedto estimate this relationship. The empirical evidence indicatesthat human capital production displays significant increasingreturns at low levels of educational attainment, and significantdecreasing returns at high levels of educational attainment.     

Increasing Returns,the Choice of Technology,and the Gains from Trade

This paper studies the implications of international trade in a general equilibrium model in which the returns to scale are internal and firms choose their production technologies. The production function generated from internal increasing returns and the choice of technology leads to returns to scale similar to those based on external increasing returns. Trade always increases a country's welfare in a two-sector model in which the agricultural sector has constant returns to scale and average cost in the manufacturing sector may decrease without being bounded asymptotically by a given level of marginal cost. Why a small country may lose from trade under external increasing returns is also illustrated.     

Maintenance expenditures and indeterminacy under increasing returns to scale

This paper develops a one-sector real business cycle model in which competitive firms allocate resources for the production of goods, investment in new capital and maintenance of existing capital. Firms also choose the utilization rate of existing capital. A higher utilization rate leads to faster capital depreciation, and an increase in maintenance activity has the opposite effect. We show that as the equilibrium ratio of maintenance expenditures to GDP rises, the required degree of increasing returns for local indeterminacy declines over a wide range of parameter combinations. When the model is calibrated to match empirical evidence on the relative size of maintenance and repair activity, we find that local indeterminacy (and belief-driven fluctuations) can occur with a mild and empirically-plausible degree of increasing returns: approximately 1.08.     

Education and Earnings in Transition: The Case of Lao*

This paper is a study on the returns to education in Lao, a country that has been largely neglected by the published literature. The authors found that the private rates of returns to education have risen significantly with economic transition. In particular, returns for young workers are considerably higher than for older workers. Although large earnings premiums are generally received by workers with high levels of education, the most profitable investment in education for a large number of paid employees is still the primary level. Moreover, there are the significant public–private sector wage differentials. The research findings have important implications for public sector salaries and the financing of education in Lao.     

New “useless education theory”: Highly educated parents' expectations for their children's education—Evidence from the one-child policy

Using data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) 2010 and a strictly implemented one-child policy as a quasi-experiment, this paper analyses the changes in parents' educational expectations of their children and the underlying mechanisms in a fuzzy regression discontinuity framework. It was found that one-child policy compliers have lower educational expectations for their children after acquiring an advanced education than those who did not. The finding remains valid after robustness analysis and placebo tests. Combined with an examination of the intergenerational effects of birth, this finding may be related to parents' assessment of and responses to educational returns and equality of educational opportunities. It was also found that parents with lower educational attainment in the high-income group have higher educational expectations than those with higher educational attainment, while for those with lower income, there is no significant difference between higher educational attainment and otherwise, which indirectly verifies the causal inference of this paper. The finding of this study explains the new “useless education theory” and provides a new perspective for understanding the intergenerational transmission of education.     

论企业本位的员工职业发展管理

企业本位的员工职业发展管理是在有效理解职业存在与发展模式基础上,建立起的科学职业发展管理机制。企业通过引导员工确立与企业发展性职业功能需求相一致的、阶段性职业发展目标,并配以相应职业发展支持制度,构建了企业与员工发展中的共赢空间。由于不同企业在发展阶段、功能实现形式和职业竞争环境上的差异,员工在企业中面临的职业发展空间是不一样的,这也要求每个企业结合自身实际,建立符合各自需要的职业发展管理制度。     

Pain of disasters: The educational cost of exogenous shocks evidence from Tangshan Earthquake in 1976

Based on a random sample from 1 percent population survey data of 2005, this paper studies the impacts of Tangshan Earthquake on the educational attainment and subsequent labor market outcomes of affected cohorts using the methodology of difference-in-differences model and the local average treatment effect interpretation of instrumental variables technique. We find that the schooling years of the cohorts potentially affected by Tangshan Earthquake is 14%–21% of a year of schooling lower than the non-earthquake cohorts, which can be considered as the shortterm educational cost of Tangshan Earthquake. The rate of returns to years of schooling for the earthquake cohorts is 20.93%–27.85%. The earthquake leads 3.51%–4.77% loss of average income through the reduction of schooling years. A loss of 0.30%–0.41% of GDP in 2005 can be attributed to the lower educational attainment of the earthquake cohorts, which can be considered as the long-term educational cost of Tangshan Earthquake.     

Economic returns to schooling for China's Korean minority

This paper examines economic returns to schooling for China's Korean minority in the urban labour market using ordinary least squares (OLS) and two-stage least squares. The OLS estimates of the returns to schooling are similar to findings from recent studies for the Chinese urban labour market. We use parents’ education and spouse's education to instrument for education as well as exploit heteroskedasticity to aid in identification. The two-stage least squares estimates using parents’ and spouse's education are considerably higher than the OLS estimates for returns to schooling, while the estimates which exploit heteroskedasticity for identification lie between the OLS and conventional two-stage least squares estimates. The economic returns to schooling reported in this study assist in explaining why private demand for education is strong among the ethnic Koreans in China. It also provides a justification for the Korean minority's focus on educational attainment.     

Differences in returns to FDI between China's coast and interior: One country,two economies?

In principle, returns to factors of production within single economic systems should exhibit relatively uniform returns. Notwithstanding the fact that over the past 30 years China's economy has increasingly liberalized both internally and externally, it is widely understood that wages received by industrial workers in the coast and interior have widely diverged. However, less is known about how, between China's coast and interior, relative returns to domestic capital and foreign investment have fared, although we do know that the surge of foreign direct investment in China in recent decades has been overwhelmingly concentrated in the coastal region. This paper investigates comparative factor returns within China's industrial sector as measured by the marginal productivities of labor, domestic capital, and foreign capital. Using balanced and unbalanced samples of enterprise data during 1998–2004, we find significant differences between the returns to each of these factors. This paper explores the differences in estimates of factor returns that arise from the use of balanced versus unbalanced samples and least squares versus fixed effects estimators. We conclude that while returns to labor and domestic capital are higher in China's coastal economy, returns to foreign-owned capital are higher in the interior region. Indeed, the differences are indicative of those found in the literature that estimates cross-country comparisons between OECD and developing economies, suggesting that China's economy exhibits some of the differences found between the world's more and less developed economies.     

Effects of Educational Mistmatch on Wages in the Korean Labor Market*

Using data on Korean workers from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies, the present study empirically investigates the incidence and wage effects of educational mismatch. Among full‐time workers aged 25–54, approximately 27 percent are overeducated and 15 percent are undereducated. Our results reveal that, after controlling for omitted variable bias and measurement errors, return to an additional year of overeducation is significantly less than that to a year of required education, whereas undereducated workers do not appear to suffer wage penalties associated with their deficit schooling. The findings also show that returns to a year of overeducation vary across fields of study. The returns to overeducation for college graduates from health and welfare, engineering and manufacturing, and social sciences, business and law are relatively high compared with those in agriculture, services, and humanities and arts.     

Education and the structure of earnings in Portugal

Summary This paper uses data on the earnings and personal characteristics of a sample of 73,000 nonagricultural employees in 1977 to assess the returns to education and test one particular prediction of the screening hypothesis. The results indicate that in spite of the recent rapid postcompulsory increase in enrolments the returns to education are of a similar magnitude as in other countries, although they have been depressed at the secondary level. A distinction between private and public sector pay led to the detection of diverging experience earnings profiles in the profit-maximising sector, a finding that has been interpreted as running against the prediction of the screening hypothesis.     

我国公务员工资水平市场对比方法设计研究

文章主要对我国公务员与对应的民间从业者工资水平市场对比方法进行了研究,在综合了学术成果、实际调研和各国/地区先进经验的基础上,提出了基于我国国情的完整的研究方法,其中包含公务员工资内涵的明确,作为公务员工资水平市场对比参照的民间从业者及其所在企业性质和规模的选取,公务员与民间从业者的基于职务种类、工作年数、性别和学历等决定要素的职位配对和工资水平对比以及与当地地区发展现状相适应的公务员工资水平的最终确定等流程在内的市场对比的完整方法.最后,为目前尚未实现的公务员工资市场对比提出了相关的政策发展意见.     

资源型企业员工绿色行为影响因素——基于扎根理论的探索性研究

资源型企业以其传统的商业模式和突出的外部性对生态环境造成了不可逆转的破坏,日益严重的环境问题也对其原有的经营管理模式提出了挑战。员工绿色行为决定了组织环保成效,是促进组织可持续发展的关键。在相关文献讨论的基础上,通过对资源型企业员工的深度访谈,运用扎根理论研究方法,探索性地构建资源型企业员工绿色行为影响因素模型。以此为基础,进一步探讨影响因素模型中主范畴的作用方向和作用路径,在理论上丰富资源型员工绿色行为影响因素的相关研究,在实践上为资源型企业绿色管理模式提供有益借鉴。     

Putting trained labour power to work: the dilemma of education and employment

Demographic factors and educational changes are producing, in many less developed countries, a "pushdown effect" in which recent graduates are forced to take jobs that would earlier have been filled by those with less education. In Indonesia, for example, 1990 senior high school graduates will have to take jobs that were filled by junior high school graduates in 1980 as a result of increases in the supply of educated manpower. While the increase in employment positions in Indonesia is under 5%/year, the number of graduates from junior high school, senior high school, and universities is exceeding this increase. Each year, there is an excess of 2.60 junior high school graduates and 3.83 senior high school graduates/1000 labor force in terms of availability of the types of jobs filled by people with these educational qualifications in 1980. The pushdown effect has further resulted in a fall in the educational differential of income. Between 1976-86, earnings for employees with less than a primary school education quintupled while those for employees with college degrees did not even triple. The presence of large numbers of disillusioned, overqualified workers in the labor force is a potential source of social unrest and there is a need for serious attention to the changing relationship of job and educational status. Possible solutions to this discrepancy include: expansion of the economy; restructuring of economic workers; reorientation of the educational system to enhance the productivity of graduates; raising the status of employment in agriculture and rural small industry; and acceptance by the labor force that the pushdown effect is an inevitable stage of the development process.     

新生代员工自我差异及其工作态度和行为的关系模型构建

新生代员工已逐渐成为中国劳动力市场的主力军,他们重视自我实现和自我满足,存在职场中现实自我状态与理想自我状态、应该自我状态经常不一致的情形,对新生代员工自我差异实施有效管理具有重要意义。文章基于以往研究文献,构建了新生代员工自我差异及其工作态度和行为的关系模型,采用逻辑推导的方式对理论模型分析发现,虽然新生代员工的自我差异会降低其工作投入和帮助行为,但程序公平氛围和自尊会对其消极效应起着正向的调节作用。最后提出了对新生代员工自我差异的管理建议。     

出口贸易有助于缓和中国企业生产率的周期波动么?

本文提出了出口有助于缓和企业生产率周期波动等理论假说,进而利用WLP半参数方法对1998—2007年中国工业企业的生产率进行估计,考察出口是否影响企业生产率的周期波动。结果表明,中国企业生产率存在显著的顺周期效应和出口溢价,经济扩张期的企业生产率显著高于经济收缩期,出口企业的生产率显著高于非出口企业;而且出口缓和了企业生产率的顺周期变化,弱化了经济周期变动对企业生产率的影响,企业生产率的出口溢价表现出逆周期特征。上述结论通过了稳健性检验,也验证了相关理论假说。