外币报表折算模式的要素分析

外币报表的折算,是国际会计中一个富有挑战性的领域.为了满足编制合并会计报表的需要,人们对如何折算国外子公司的外币财务报表进行了长期的探索,形成了多种多样的折算模式,外币财务报表的折算已发展成为系统的程序.众多的外币报表折算方法中,有四种折算模式是基本的,其他方法都不外乎这四种模式的变形.这四种基本的模式是:区分流动与非流动项目法(current—noncurrent me thod)、区分货币与非货币项目法(monetary—nonmonetary method)、时态法     

跨国公司的外币报表折算方法与折算差额的会计处理

外币报表折算差额的会计处理与所选择的外币报表折算方法密切相关。如果国外子公司是“国外实体”,则对其报表进行折算时,应选择现行汇率法,并将折算差额计入资产负债表;如果国外子公司是“母公司营业的有机组成部分”,则对其报表进行折算时,就应选择时态法,并将折算差额计入损益表。     

外币报表折算及其两难选择

外币报表折算的最重要目的是跨国公司合并其遍布世界各地的子公司的报表.按照对财务报表的信息质量的一般要求,合并后的报表要求能真实、公允、准确地反映跨国公司的财务状况和经营状况.因此,如何把以外币为报告货币的财务报表折算为母公司报告货币表述的财务报表,就是合并报表最关键的一步.由于经济环境的复杂性,世界各国对外币报表的折算方法至今尚未形成一致的国际惯例.本文首先阐述包括当前两大主流折算方法的基本折算方法,然后分析外币报表折算目前面临的困难选择.     

新会计准则下外汇套期保值的会计处理

企业为规避汇率变动所带来的风险,经常在金融市场上运用外汇衍生产品交易进行对冲,从而规避汇率风险,减低交易成本。这就带来一个问题,即企业外汇交易及套期保值如何进行会计处理?本文基于《企业会计准则第19号——外币折算》及《企业会计准则第24号——套期保值》中外币交易和套期保值的概念,在介绍一般外币交易会计处理方法的基础上,对远期外汇合同套期保值的会计处理问题进行了分析。     

新会计准则下外汇套期保值的会计处理

本文基于《企业会计准则第19号——外币折算》及《企业会计准则第24号——套期保值》中“外币交易”和“套期保值”的概念．分析了外币交易及套期保值的初始确认和会计处理。旨在准确地把握新准则下远期外汇合同套期保值的确认及会计处理方法,并举例说明其处理过程。     

新会计准财下外汇套期保值的会计处理

本文基于《企业会计准则第19号——外币折算》及《企业会计准则第24号——套期保值》中“外币交易”和“套期保值”的概念．分析了外币交易及套期保值的初始确认和会计处理。旨在准确地把握新准则下远期外汇合同套期保值的确认及会计处理方法,并举例说明其处理过程。     

浅谈外币报表折算的现行汇率法及折算差额的验证

外币报表折算的现行汇率法是将列入资产负债表的所有的外币资产项目和外币负债项目 ,都按编表日的现行汇率差进行折算 ,收益表中的收入和费用项目按编表期内平均汇率折算的一种外币报表折算方法。影响现行汇率法折算差额的因素主要是暴露在汇率风险下的资产和负债的差额以及汇率变动的方向和幅度。     

浅论套期保值技术在汇率风险管理中的应用

随着我国经济体制的改变,我国的经济走上了高速发展的道路,开始快速融入到国际经济体系中。国际间的贸易大多用外币结算,由于货币之间比价的不同,使得本国货币兑换所需外币时产生汇率风险,制约并且威胁到了我国对外企业的发展壮大。对此,对外企业需要采用套期保值的方法,防范汇率变动引起的经济损失。本文先是讲解了外汇汇率的影响,然后讲解了套期保值技术在外汇汇率风险管理中的应用。     

浅议外币报表折算方法

现行的外币报表折算方法有现行汇率法、流动与非流动项目法、货币与非货币项目法和时态法。这四种方法各有利弊。本文在讨论四种外币报表折算方法的基础上，对外币报表折算方法提出改进建议，供大家探讨。     

新准则下旅行社对境外子公司报表合并实务探讨

为适应市场竞争,国内旅游公司普遍采用在境外设置子公司的经营模式争占市场份额,实现整体规模国际化、利润最大化。由于境外子公司身处异国,在政策和国情等方面与国内相差较大,使得母公司对境外子公司报表合并难度增加。本文依据《企业会计准则第33号——合并财务报表》准则,针对旅游行业特点,对境外子公司报表合并中涉及的报表合并前提、报表会计项目调整、外币报表折算以及境外报表合并抵消等方面出现的常见问题,采用理论与实践相结合的方式进行分析和探讨。     

Towards a behavioral theory of MNC response to political risk and uncertainty: The role of CEO wealth at risk

Drawing on behavioral agency research, we examine how CEO equity wealth at risk of loss in the form of restricted stock influences the response of multinational corporations (MNCs) to political risk and political uncertainty. In a sample of 14,765 cross-border greenfield investments and full acquisitions announced by U.S. firms from 2004 to 2016, we find that while greater CEO equity wealth at risk of loss in the form of restricted stock strengthens the (positive) relationship between political risk and MNCs’ choice of greenfield investments over full acquisition, CEO equity wealth at risk of loss does not influence the relationship between political uncertainty and MNCs’ choice of greenfield investments. We contribute to international business theory by introducing a behavioral theory of MNC responses to adverse host country political environments. As such, unlike previous studies that have treated political risk and political uncertainty interchangeably, our study highlights the need to differentiate between political risk and political uncertainty as related yet distinct concepts.     

Attractiveness,Purchase Intention,and Willingness to Pay More for Global Brands: Evidence from Turkish Market

Emerging markets (EMs) are increasingly becoming significant in income growth for Multinational corporations (MNCs). Therefore, what affects the consumer perceptions and behaviors toward global brands in EMs is a fundamental question to answer for MNCs. There is a remarkable literature on global brands in EMs however there is little evidence specifically upon bandwagon effects. This study aims to fulfil this gap and examines the effects of bandwagon consumption, conspicuous value and social value on consumer attitudes towards the global brands. In the study, data were collected via face-to-face questionnaire from a sample of 458 university students, and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was used to test the research hypotheses. As a result, it was found that bandwagon consumption, conspicuous value, and social value have positive impacts on brand attractiveness, purchase intention and willingness to pay more for global brands.     

The Role of Multinational Corporation Characterisitics and Strategic Actions in Development of ASEAN Regionalism

In this paper the macro development of ASEAN regionalism is linked to the micro organizational level characterisitics and strategic actions of multinational corporations. Based on Nye (1971) and Herbert (1984), it was postulated that MNC characterisitics and strategic action would depend on the strategic objectives pursued (volume expansion, resource acquisition, reciprocity and integration). For the exploratory evaluation of these hypotheses a cross-sectional survey of 128 Singapore based MNCs was conducted. The results provide some support for Herbert's propositions. It was found that the volume expansion strategy was most strongly determinant of an ASEAN orientation. With regard to integrated corporations the findings are in the expected direction but disappointing from the ASEAN developmental point of view.     

Managing MNC-Government Negotiations in Saudi Arabia: The Key Role of Elites

This article explores the relationships between multinational corporations (MNCs) and a host country, in this case Saudi Arabia (the Kingdom). The interests of Saudi businesses and the political elite, along with the evolution of their relationship are surveyed. Furthermore, the validity of traditional and two-tier models of bargaining between MNCs and developing countries are assessed in the context of the Kingdom. It is argued that while both models may be useful, the two fail to capture the nature of MNCs-Saudi Arabia bargaining process. These two models are revised and enriched to adequately reflect the Kingdom's specific advantage, the nature of its national firms, and the unique relations it has with MNCs and their home countries. The study concludes that under current global political and economic conditions, the elite and MNCs interests appear to converge around business objectives.     

An Institution of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Multi-National Corporations (MNCs): Form and Implications

This article investigates corporate social responsibility (CSR) as an institution within UK multi-national corporations (MNCs). In the context of the literature on the institutionalization of CSR and on critical CSR, it presents two main findings. First, it contributes to the CSR mainstream literature by confirming that CSR has not only become institutionalized in society but that a form of this institution is also present within MNCs. Secondly, it contributes to the critical CSR literature by suggesting that unlike broader notions of CSR shared between multiple stakeholders, MNCs practise a form of CSR that undermines the broader stakeholder concept. By increasingly focusing on strategic forms of CSR activity, MNCs are moving away from a societal understanding of CSR that focuses on redressing the impacts of their operations through stakeholder concerns, back to any activity that supports traditional business imperatives. The implications of this shift are considered using institutional theory to evaluate macro-institutional pressures for CSR activity and the agency of powerful incumbents in the contested field of CSR.     

Emerging Asian MNCs

Developed countries traditionally account for the lion's share of outward foreign direct investment (FDI) and multinational corporations (MNCs). More recently, however, developing countries are emerging as a significant source of outward FDI and globally influential MNCs. The central objective here is to analyze and compare the main issues facing emerging Asian MNCs today with the main issues which faced developed-country MNCs 30 years ago. Our basic hypothesis is that the two groups of MNCs significantly differ due to both exogenous and endogenous factors. Particularly important are differences in motivation and behaviour, ownership patterns, ownership-specific advantages and the institutional infrastructures of their home countries.     

IP protection and ownership in cross-border acquisitions

We use the institutional theory to examine the impact of intellectual property protection on US multinational corporations (MNCs) ownership levels of their foreign acquisitions. Based on a sample of 7238 completed international M&A deals made by US MNCs from 1998 to 2017, we found that multinationals protect their intellectual property through more ownership when they are technologically intensive and invest more when IP protection is strong. However, IP protection negatively moderates the need for more ownership for technologically-intensive multinational corporations. Our results are robust to a battery of empirical tests, including a unique instrumental variable approach. This leads us to claim that our results are not merely correlated but are causal.     

Practice creation in multinational corporations: Improvisation and the emergence of lateral knowledge

Lateral collaboration across subsidiaries is beneficial for innovation in multinational corporations (MNCs), such as the creation of new organizational practices, because it helps working towards shared, rather than subsidiary-centric, objectives and creates new knowledge. To instill lateral collaboration, prior research has mainly focused on coordination mechanisms that rely on interpersonal exchanges among dispersed individuals across subsidiaries. However, due to rising concerns over coordination cost and sustainability of international travel, MNCs are increasingly challenged to search for other approaches that require less direct interpersonal interaction across subsidiaries. We, therefore, ask: How can MNCs elicit lateral collaboration during practice creation in a less space-time sensitive way? Drawing on a longitudinal case study, we develop a model of practice creation in MNCs. Our model offers two main insights. First, it details a novel approach for unleashing the benefits of lateral collaboration in globally-linked innovation processes in MNCs. In contrast to emphasizing coordination mechanisms that focus on interpersonal interactions across subsidiaries, our study contributes by detailing the emergence of lateral knowledge through a shared technological artefact as key enabler. Second, our model illuminates how MNCs can innovate new organizational practices that reflect both MNC and local subsidiary needs by adopting an improvisational approach.     

Fair Trade in Italy: Too Much ‘Movement’ in the Shop?

With the advent of globalization, the track record of multinational corporations (MNCs) has been mixed at best in relation to their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) involvement in developing countries. This article attempts to cross-fertilize insights from the business-society and international business political behavior literature streams to identify relevant dimensions and contingencies that can be used to analyze the CSR of MNCs in developing countries and the extent of standardization or localization of their strategies. The article makes use of the new theoretical framework in the context of an interpretive research methodology to examine the CSR orientations of a sample of MNC subsidiaries in Lebanon. The findings reveal patterns of global CSR being diffused to developing countries, but also being diluted along the way in view of specific subsidiary endowments and host market characteristics.     

The Role of Religiosity in Business and Consumer Ethics: A Review of the Literature

This study investigates antecedents of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in multinational corporations’ (MNCs’) subsidiaries. Using stakeholder theory and institutional theory that identify internal and external pressures for legitimacy in MNCs’ subsidiaries, we integrate international business and CSR literatures to create a model depicting CSR practices in MNCs’ subsidiaries. We propose that MNCs’ subsidiaries will be likely to adapt to local practices to legitimize themselves if they operate in host countries with different institutional environments and demanding stakeholders. We also predict that MNCs’ subsidiaries will be likely to adapt to local practices to avoid spillover effects if their parent companies suffer major legitimacy problems at home or abroad. However, we speculate that MNCs’ subsidiaries will be less likely to adapt to local practices if they are strongly annexed to their parent companies and the benefit to gain internal legitimacy outweighs external legitimacy. This article contributes to the discourse on CSR across borders by exploring the antecedents of CSR practices in MNCs’ subsidiaries at social and organizational levels, and integrating institutional and stakeholder views. We provide a number of propositions for future studies and explore implications for practitioners.