汇率波动与亚洲的经济增长

从年度数据看 ,亚洲各经济体的经济增长与汇率走势没有显著的相关关系 ,但是其系数的符号能呈现出货币有否升值的趋势。从每天的数据看 ,在经济高速增长时期 ,汇率波动的方差较小 ,“波动持续性”也较短。亚洲各经济体的经验可以给人民币汇率市场化提供参考 ,既要避免高速增长时由于短期外资涌入造成的本币升值 ,也要警惕国际舆论形成的对本币升值压力。中国经济持续高速增长是人民币汇率市场化的最佳时期 ,因为这种高速增长为本币国际化、最终的本币汇率市场化创造了稳定的环境。     

人民币汇率变动与我国出口商品结构互动关系研究

随着1994年汇率制度改革以来,人民币实际有效汇率升值对我国商品出口的影响逐渐显现,分析汇率波动与我国出口商品结构关系具有重要的现实意义。本文在人民币汇率波动情况下,分析人民币实际有效汇率波动对我国出口商品结构的影响,提出了在人民币实际有效汇率升值趋势下,转变出口商品结构的政策建议。     

人民币实际有效汇率波动对我国出口的直接影响

影响我国出口的因素包括国际市场需求、国内市场需求、国内劳动力成本、原材料成本、规模经济优势和人民币汇率等多方面因素,人民币汇率只是影响因素之一。人民币汇率波动通过改变贸易条件对我国出口产生直接影响,对初级产品和资本品等出口数量价格弹性较低的产品,人民币实际有效汇率贬值对出口价值增速的影响较低,     

汇率双向波动下的外贸企业汇率风险规避策略探讨

随着人民币国际化、利率市场化进程的加快,人民币汇率由近几年来幅度不一的单边升值转为难以预测的双向波动,外贸企业如何有效规避汇率风险、巩固盈利能力成为重要的管理课题之一。本文从分析人民币汇率形成机制和外贸企业的汇率风险管理压力入手,阐述总结了汇率风险的管理策略。结合笔者的实际工作经验,提出了在汇率双向波动的环境下,外贸企业如何控制好汇率风险敞口规模,应用金融性风险管理策略和运营性风险管理策略有效规避企业汇率风险。     

本币升值影响外汇储备的实证分析:2003～2007

本文以2003～2007年13个国家为研究对象,研究了不同国家本币升值对外汇储备的影响。面板数据的实证结果表明,汇率波动在一定程度上决定了一国外汇储备的规模,本币升值是导致2002年以后新兴市场国家外汇储备快速增长的重要因素,本币升值幅度与外汇储备的增幅成反比。我们认为,外汇储备管理应从控制供给入手,有效控制外汇储备规模。而央行减少对汇率的干预,并逐步推进人民币国际化是有效降低过多外汇储备的重要手段。     

人民币实际有效汇率的构建方法研究

当今外汇市场上每天用于贸易交易的外汇交易量不到5％,95％以上都是与贸易交易无关的虚拟资本流动。但迄今为止,理论界和实务部门仍主要从贸易角度入手构建人民币实际有效汇率。本研究从国际收支即同时从经常帐户和资本与金融帐户角度考虑人民币实际有效汇率的形成机制,将相对生产率进步指标纳入人民币实际有效汇率权重的构成中,既吸收了篮子货币的优点,又能减轻由于非汇率对实体经济的冲击造成汇率的较大波动,从而保持一个较稳定的人民币实际有效汇率。论文的模型比IMF的模型更符合当代汇率的形成机制,论文预测了2009和2010年人民币实际有效汇率分别较上一年升值1．36％和1．17％。     

重估人民币汇率升值对中国经济的影响——基于2005年汇改以来的经验证据

反思人民币汇率十年争论,大多围绕"外部施压——内部被动反应"的逻辑展开,人民币汇率陷入升值"恐惧症"。本文以经验数据实证分析人民币汇率各种争论的理论逻辑。研究表明,人民币升值并没有导致通货紧缩,人民币升值也没有促使就业下降,相反,人民币升值还伴随经济过热及就业持续增加;同时,人民币升值无助于改善国际收支平衡和贸易条件、人民币升值引起热钱流入的观点都缺乏经验的支持。因而,人民币升值"恐惧症"的理论逻辑值得重新审视,中国开放宏观政策选择有必要跳出被动应对怪圈,这对促进当前中国经济结构调整及可持续发展的政策选择具有重要意义。     

人民币实际有效汇率的水平与波动性对就业的影响——基于东部地区面板数据的实证分析

自2005年汇率制度改革以来,人民币正式进入升值通道,并已经对实体经济运行产生了重要影响。本文选择中国东部11省(市)、1994～2007年的年度数据,建立面板数据模型,分析人民币实际有效汇率的水平与波动性对就业量的影响。结果发现,人民币实际有效汇率的水平与就业量显著负相关:在其它条件不变的情况下,人民币实际有效汇率指数上升1%,就业量将下降0.126%;人民币实际有效汇率的波动性对就业量仅具有轻微的负面影响。文章最后就如何减轻人民币升值对就业的负面影响提出了若干政策建议。     

人民币汇率、企业出口边际与出口动态

基于2000~2007年工业企业微观数据和高度细化的海关数据,文章深入考察了人民币实际有效汇率对中国工业企业出口行为的影响。结果显示:(1)人民币实际有效汇率升值对中国工业企业的出口决策、出口数量、出口价格和出口额均有显著的抑制作用,并且从标准化系数来看,其对出口数量、出口价格和出口额的影响相对较大,这说明人民币实际有效汇率对企业出口的影响更多体现在集约边际上,并且在集约边际内部,企业主要通过调整出口数量来应对人民币实际有效汇率升值对其出口的冲击;(2)人民币实际有效汇率对企业出口行为的影响因企业生产率水平、规模、融资约束、所有制和贸易方式的不同而具有显著的异质性;(3)就人民币实际有效汇率与企业出口持续期的生存分析发现,人民币实际有效汇率升值显著缩短了企业出口的持续时间。     

人民币有效汇率的波动及其对中国经济增长的影响

1995年以来人民币有效汇率发生了四次较大波动 ,但总体上处于持续升值状态。经验分析表明 ,人民币有效汇率大幅度升值不仅会对中国经济增长形成巨大负面冲击 ,而且对世界经济增长也会产生间接的不利影响。近期人民币有效汇率贬值仅是针对前期汇率大幅度升值的价值回归。从稳定经济增长的角度看 ,短期内人民币名义汇率应继续保持相对稳定 ,但中长期可将汇率体制从钉住美元转换为钉住一揽子货币     

Exchange Rate Economics

The paper summarizes the current theory of how a floating exchange rate is determined, dividing the subject into what determines the steady state and what determines the transition to steady state. The inadequacies of this model are examined, and an alternative “behavioral” model, which recognizes that the foreign exchange market is populated by both fundamentalists and chartists is presented. It is argued that the main importance of understanding the foreign exchange market for development strategy is to permit a correct appraisal of the dangers of Dutch disease. Empirically it seems that from the standpoint of promoting development it is preferable to have a mildly undervalued rate. The paper concludes by examining implications for exchange rate regimes.

中国的利率和汇率问题

2005年全球经济面临失衡,一方面是美国巨额的贸易赤字,一方面是发展中国家积累了大量的贸易顺差,尤其是中国持续的双顺差.全球经济失衡,中国经济也不平衡,那么中国自身不平衡的问题到底在哪里?宏观经济政策,尤其是利率、汇率政策该如何尽可能化解失衡带来的风险?     

汇率制度改革与人民币汇率联动的特征研究

文章以2000年1月4日至2015年12月31日为样本期间,运用基于多元互相关方法的汇率联动网络模型,分析人民币与全球52个主要货币的汇率联动关系。结果表明:第一,全球汇率波动存在以美元、人民币、丹麦克朗为主,新元、林吉特、瑞士法郎等货币为辅的汇率联动板块;第二,汇率联动以人民币、美元等货币为核心的板块联动溢出效应最为显著,且板块内货币之间有明显地理临近的联动特性;第三,以人民币为核心货币的汇率联动关系具有持续的稳定性,这有利于形成人民币汇率市场化改革的稳定预期。     

Vertical Trade,Exchange Rate Pass-Through,and the Exchange Rate Regime

We compare the welfare of different combinations of monetary and currency policies in an open-economy macroeconomic model that incorporates two important features of many small open economies: a high level of vertical international trade and a high degree of exchange rate pass-through. In this environment, a small economy prefers a fixed exchange rate regime over a flexible regime, while the larger economy prefers a flexible exchange rate regime. There are two main causes underlying our results. First, in the presence of sticky prices, relative prices adjust through changes in the exchange rate. Multiple stages of production and trade make it more difficult for one exchange rate to balance the whole economy by adjusting several relative prices simultaneously throughout the vertical chain of production and trade. More specifically, there is a tradeoff between delivering an efficient relative price between home and foreign final goods and delivering an efficient relative price between home and foreign intermediate goods. Second, because the small economy faces a high degree of exchange rate pass-through under a flexible regime, it suffers from a lack of efficient relative prices in vertical trade. The larger economy, however, does not face this problem because its level of exchange rate pass-through is low.     

“三元悖论”与人民币汇率制度选择

“三元悖论”从宏观上揭示货币政策独立性、汇率稳定、资本自由流动三大金融目标之间的相互制衡关系, 是汇率制度选择问题的一个基本理论分析工具。我国现行的汇率制度实质上是钉住美元的固定汇率制,在金融进一步开放的背景下,其弊端日益凸现,改革现行的汇率制度势在必行。我国现实经济条件决定了我国汇率制度改革的近期目标只能是建立汇率目标区,长期目标则是建立浮动汇率制。     

Export Promotion through Exchange Rate Changes: Exchange Rate Depreciation or Stabilization?

Exchange rate movements affect exports in two ways—rate depreciation and rate variability (risk). A depreciation raises exports, but the associated exchange rate risk could offset that positive effect. The present paper investigates the net effect for eight Asian countries using a dynamic conditional correlation bivariate GARCH-M model that simultaneously estimates time-varying correlation and exchange rate risk. Depreciation encourages exports, as expected, for most countries, but its contribution to export growth is weak. Exchange rate risk contributes to export growth in Malaysia and the Philippines, leading to positive net effects. Exchange rate risk generates a negative effect for six of the countries, resulting in a negative net effect in Indonesia, Japan, Singapore, and Taiwan and a zero net effect in Korea and Thailand.     

Reexamining the Exchange Rate Exposure Puzzle by Classifying Exchange Rate Risks into Two Types

The “exchange rate exposure puzzle” refers to the phenomenon in which the proportion of firms with significant exchange rate exposure tends to be lower than expected figures. Some studies use changes in exchange rate to indicate exchange rate risks relevant to firm value. However, a different measure of exchange rate risks, which is the volatility in exchange rate changes, can also affect the value of firms because exchange rate uncertainty can affect international trade and investments of firms. This study classifies exchange rate risks into two types, namely, changes in exchange rate and the standard deviation of exchange rate changes, and empirically examines exchange rate exposure of firms in 12 countries. The results suggest that the proportion of firms with significant exchange rate exposure increases substantially, and thus, weakens the exchange rate exposure puzzle when we also count the cases in which the standard deviation of exchange rate changes affects stock return significantly.     

人民币汇率制度改革对东亚国家汇率制度博弈格局的影响分析

人民币汇率制度正朝着更加灵活的方向上发展，这不可避免地将对东亚集体钉住美元的汇率制度产生破解作用。因为人民币在东亚汇率稳定中作用日益加强，人民币汇率制度改革的方向对东亚其他各国汇率制度改革有着重大的追随效应。     

The Behavior of the Real Exchange Rate Under Fixed and Floating Exchange Rate Regimes

This article investigates the behavior of real exchange rates under fixed and flexible exchange rates. Using data from both the Bretton Woods and the modern floating periods, we decompose real exchange rate movements into components attributable to supply shocks, real demand shocks, monetary shocks, capital flows shocks, and real oil price shocks. Empirical results show that real demand shocks are an important source of real exchange rate movements under both fixed and flexible rates, while monetary shocks are negligible. Supply and oil price shocks seem to be more important under Bretton Woods, while capital flows shocks seem to explain a relatively higher proportion of real exchange rate movements under the modern floating period.     

Estimating Korea's Exchange Rate Exposure

This paper conducts an empirical analysis of the exchange rate exposure of 392 Korean firms by employing not only changes in the exchange rate but also the standard deviation of exchange rates as foreign exchange risk. A logit model is also used to identify the major factors in exchange rate exposure. The empirical results in the case of using the standard deviation of exchange rates suggest that: the number of firms showing significant exchange rate exposure has been relatively increasing; exchange rate exposure is more likely for export‐oriented manufacturing industries than for nonmanufacturing industries; and large firms using hedging methods are likely to show a low degree of exchange rate exposure.