Income inequality and the business cycle: A threshold cointegration approach

This paper investigates the impact of various socio-economic variables on various cohorts of the income distribution. We use asymmetric cointegration tests to show that unemployment and immigration shocks have real impacts on income inequality. In addition, using threshold test results we are able to show that positive and negative shocks to the economy do not have symmetric effects nor do the impacts of these shocks impact income quintiles uniformly.     

Income risk, macroeconomic and demographic change, and economic inequality in Japan

Using an OLG model with heterogeneous households, we investigate the relationship among income risk, macroeconomic and demographic changes, and economic inequality between 1980 and 2000 in Japan. By decomposing the primary factors in earnings and consumption inequality into macroeconomic variables and the demographic variable, we find that our model replicates the evolution of economic inequality in Japan. By performing counterfactual simulations, we demonstrate that two factors—changes in time-varying macroeconomic factors and the unexpected decline in the total factor productivity growth rate—played important roles in the increase in earnings and consumption inequality in the 1990s.     

Economic growth and inequality: The role of public investment

The relationship between growth and inequality is complex. After discussing some general background issues, motivated by extensive empirical evidence this paper focuses on public investment as a key determinant of the relationship. Two alternative frameworks, each offering sharply contrasting perspectives, are presented. The first employs the “representative consumer theory of distribution” where agent heterogeneity originates with wealth endowments. It yields an equilibrium in which aggregate dynamics drives distributional dynamics. In the second, agent heterogeneity arises from idiosyncratic productivity shocks and generates an equilibrium in which distributional dynamics drive growth. The impact of government investment on growth and inequality are shown to contrast sharply in the two approaches, thus illustrating the complexity of the growth-inequality relationship.     

城市居民财产性收入与贫富差距的实证分析

利用1988～2009年国家统计局全国入户调查数据,本文研究了我国城市居民财产性收入的规模、组成、变化以及其对收入差距的贡献。采用基尼系数的分解方法,将每年的收入差距分解到各个收入成分的贡献,并发现与其他收入形式相比,财产性收入分布的基尼系数是最高的,对总收入差距的贡献也在迅速扩大,这一现象值得重视。本文还分别对东、中、西部地区进行了分析,发现财产性收入主要集中在东部地区。     

劳动力跨部门配置与居民收入差距——基于省级面板数据的实证分析

本文从劳动力跨部门配置效应的角度,分析了我国劳动力跨部门配置的时期和地区特征,使用面板数据模型估计了我国劳动力转移对城乡居民收入差距的作用。结果表明,在改革开放的后一阶段,我国劳动力转移的收入分配均等化效应下降,且西部地区下降更加显著。而收入均等化效应下降的一个重要原因是各次产业部门间生产率差距扩大。文章指出产业协调发展是提高劳动力转移收入分配效应的迫切要求。     

Understanding Income Inequality in China: A Multi-Angle Perspective

Economic reforms have brought about spectacular growth and vast improvements of people’s living standards in China since 1978. In the meantime, unbalanced regional growth and income inequality have become two important concerns of future development. Most available studies on income distribution have either focused on the rural population or on the urban citizens. This paper stresses the importance of adopting a multi-angle approach to fully understand income inequality in China. We first use some top-down information to form a general picture of inequality for the whole country, and then use some bottom-up household survey data to explain in detail the development of inequality over time regarding rural/urban inequality, rural inequality, urban inequality and inter-regional inequality, the relative importance of different income sources to overall inequality. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

IFRS,financial development and income inequality: An empirical study using mediation analysis

Income inequality continues to be an issue of concern. Early work on economic development suggested that, as a country’s economy grows, incomes would rise and reduce any income disparities. However, there is growing evidence that as countries develop, income inequality actually worsens. Some studies argue that this is the result of financial development and the growth of the financial sector. Although there is a good deal of empirical research on the relationship between financial development and income inequality, there is no prior work that examines how accounting standards, in particular International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), might influence this relationship. This study examines the relationship of IFRS and financial development with income inequality using mediation analysis over the period from 1998 to 2018. The results indicate that the impact of IFRS on income inequality is mediated by financial development. Moreover, there is a direct relationship between IFRS and inequality.     

损益要素的国际比较、协调及对我国的启示

各国财务会计概念框架中的损益要素存在重要差异,表现在损益要素的构成和要素的内涵、外延方面。通过国际比较,指出收益的两种观点、收入(费用)与利得(损失)是否分列、是否单独设置业绩要素等实质性分歧。在损益要素国际协调的背景下,对我国损益要素的重构提出建议。     

Testing for infinite order stochastic dominance with applications to finance, risk and income inequality

In this paper we develop a test of infinite order degree stochastic dominance based on the use of the empirical Laplace transform function. Two applications are considered. One uses the income data of Anderson (Econometrica 64:1183–1193, 1996) and derives results consistent with his. In the other application we examine the dominance between the U.S. and U.K. stock markets. Using data on the S&P 500 and the FTALL-Share we show that the U.S. displays infinite order degree stochastic dominance of the U.K.

中国区域收入不均等动态分析与路径选择——基于广义熵视角的分析

区域收入状况是我国收入分配格局的重要组成部分,多年以来我国区域收入不均状况日益严峻,不断引起社会各界及中央政府的高度重视.论文依据我国31个区域收入及相关数据,选取广义熵度量指标,采用计量研究方法衡量我国区域收入差距大小及动态发展趋势,分解收入不均等的来源构成比重,分析不均等形成根源并结合我国实际提出有效缓解我国区域收入不均等状况的对策与建议,为切实改善我国收入分配格局提供条件和奠定基础.     

预期城乡收入差距及其对我国农村劳动力转移的影响

本文是在当前“用工荒”的社会背景下,以托达罗模型为理论基础,在比较优势的框架下,采用CHNS（中国健康营养调查）的微观数据,分析了我国农村劳动力转移的影响因素。具有内生选择的转换模型表明：①预期城乡收入差距是影响我国劳动力转移的最重要的因素; ②劳动力转移增加了农村劳动力的预期收入,从而在一定程度上缓解了城乡收入差距;③调查的我国农村劳动力数据存在自选择问题,因此在分析转移劳动力收入时应该考虑自选择的影响;④教育是影响我国农村劳动力收入的重要因素。     

Openness,rural-urban inequality,and happiness in China

Although the relationship between income inequality and subjective well-being has been extensively discussed in the literature, relatively little is known about the effects of openness on subjective well-being and how rural-urban inequality may influence these effects. This article attempts to address this issue by using the dataset of the China General Social Survey (CGSS). We find that the effect of trade openness on happiness takes an inverted U shape, whereas that of financial openness is U-shaped. We also find that rural-urban inequality has a dampening effect on happiness, and this effect is strengthened by trade openness but weakened by financial openness. These findings extend previous studies on the determinants of happiness by highlighting the different effects associated with trade openness and financial openness and how these effects may interact with rural-urban inequality.     

基于收入分布的收入差距扩大成因的分解

本文采用核平滑化的半参方法估计了1987年、1996年、2004年我国城市居民收入分布曲线,并且基于收入分布又进一步分解了导致城市居民收入差距扩大的主要原因。收入差距扩大的成因可以分为两类:一是劳动者的劳动力特点的普遍变化,如劳动者教育水平的提高,行业、职业分布的变化;二是对劳动力特点回报率的变化,如教育回报率的提高,各行业、职业回报率差异的扩大等。本文发现后者是导致收入差距扩大的主要原因。     

中国转型期通货膨胀对城乡收入差距的影响——基于省际面板数据的分析

本文利用我国31个省市区1979～2009年的面板数据,在运用面板数据门限模型检验我国的通货膨胀率、预期到的通货膨胀率和未预期到的通货膨胀率对城乡收入差距的影响都不存在门限效应的基础上,采用面板数据可行广义最小二乘进行估计。结果发现,我国的通货膨胀率和未预期到的通货膨胀率都扩大了城乡收入差距且是稳健的,但扩大的程度因所用数据的时间长短而异;而预期到的通货膨胀率影响城乡收入差距系数的符号和大小都因数据的时间长短而变化。     

2010年上海世博会主要收入分析与预测

本文讨论了2010年上海世博会基本的收入来源,指出门票与旅游收入将是2010世博会主要的收益。在调查问卷以及上海往年年鉴数据的基础上,对门票与旅游收入的数量进行了初步的分析与预测。     

Corruption, Growth, and Income Distribution: Are there Regional Differences?

This paper uses panel data from 61 countries at different stages of economic development over a 20-year period to investigate regional differences in the effect of corruption on economic growth and income distribution. Using two measures of corruption, we find that there are statistically significant regional differences in the growth and distributional impacts of corruption. The largest growth impact of corruption is found in African countries while OECD and Asian countries have the lowest growth impact. On the other hand, the largest distributional impact of corruption in found in Latin America. A 10% decrease in corruption increases the growth rate of income by about 1.7% in OECD and Asian countries, 2.6% in Latin American countries, and by 2.8% in African countries. A one standard deviation decrease in corruption decreases the gini coefficient of income distribution (0–1 scale) by 0.05 points, 0.14 points, 0.25 points, and 0.33 points in OECD, Asian, African, and Latin American countries, respectively. The results are robust to various specifications, measurement of corruption, measures of investment, as well as the conditioning variables. The results have interesting policy implications for economic growth, especially in low income countries with high rates of corruption.     

中国行政垄断的收入与财富分配效应估算

改革开放以来我国行政垄断格局已受到冲击,但行政垄断行业的劳动投入与其高收入和高福利的不相称问题还很突出,直接导致了社会各阶层收入分配的不公与贫富差距的扩大。本文主要利用上市公司和个人收入、消费数据,分别估算并比较了行政垄断对城镇和总体居民的收入与财富分配效应。分析表明,行政垄断企业从消费者那里榨取了巨额的垄断利润,这一利益的转移以及所导致的收入与财富分配的不公效应,对总体居民的影响要大于对城镇居民的影响,而且收入水平越低的阶层受的影响程度越大,由此加剧了我国城乡尤其是农村地区低收入居民的贫困程度。因此,我国相关政策部门应把破除行政垄断作为建设和谐社会的重点予以高度关注。     

基尼系数分解分析中国城市居民收入不平等

当GINI系数按组（如职业,性别,区域）分解时,它可以分为组内、组间和层迭项（overlapped）三个组成部分,从文献检索来看,GINI系数的分解方法已有许多,但大多数分解方法不仅不易于理解而且计算非常繁重.本文应用Yao和Liu（1996）提出的四步分解法克服了其他方法存在的缺点,并以中国2003年的城镇居民收入调查数据为例,说明这个新方法可以容易地应用于研究中国各地区城市居民间收入的不平等状况.本文在许多以前的研究未能认识到的层迭带部分有实质性的突破.     

直接影响与空间溢出效应:我国城市化进程对城乡收入差距的影响路径识别

本文选取2000～2009年间我国31个省、直辖市和自治区的面板数据,通过选择恰当的空间面板计量模型(Spatial Panel Model)实证研究本地城市化进程对城乡收入差距的直接影响,以及相邻地区城市化进程对本地城乡收入差距的空间溢出效应。实证结果表明:我国城市化进程对缩减城乡收入差距的积极影响和消极影响并存,取决于城市化进程的不同政策路径选择;省际间的城市化进程存在空间溢出效应,即本地的城乡收入差距也会受到临近省份城市化进程的显著影响。