关于SDR计价证券市场现状的分析

文章回顾了SDR作为官方清算工具的使用情况及其在私人部门中的应用历史，分析了SDR计价证券的优缺点，指出要扩大SDR的国际储备货币职能，除了要加强各国政治经济利益协调之外，还应充分借鉴欧洲货币单位（ECU）的发展经验，扩大SDR计价证券在私人部门中的应用，提高此类证券二级市场的流动性，从而促进SDR在国际贸易和国际投资方面的使用，并发挥分散美元风险的作用。     

浙商对长春民营经济的启示

浙江,特别是温州,以其人均资源全国倒数第三,而人均GDP却多年稳居全国第一的温州模式,成为全国民营经济的一面旗帜。它们所依靠的“民资、民智、民力”而形成的民营企业群给长春的民营经济发展以很好的启示:长春的民营经济要快速发展,必须在发展环境上做文章,为民营经济创造一个大展宏图的广阔天地。     

The Capital Structure of PE‐Funded Companies (and How New Debt Instruments and Investors Are Expanding Their Debt Capacity)

The capital structures and financial policies of companies controlled by private equity firms are notably different from those of public companies. The concentration of ownership and intense monitoring of leveraged buyouts by their largest investors (that is, the partners of the PE firms who sit on their boards), along with the contractual requirement of PE funds to return their capital within seven to ten years, have resulted in capital structures that are far more leveraged than those of their publicly traded counterparts, but also considerably more provisional and “opportunistic.” Whereas the average U.S. public company has long operated with roughly 30% debt and 70% equity, today's typical private‐equity sponsored company is initially capitalized with an “upside‐down” structure of 70% debt and just 30% equity, and then often charged with working down its debt as quickly as possible. Although banks supplied most of the debt for the first wave of LBOs in the 1980s, the remarkable growth of the private equity industry in the past 25 years has been supported by the parallel development of a new leveraged acquisition finance market. This financing innovation has led to a general movement away from a bankcentered funding base to one comprising a relatively new set of institutional investors, including business development corporations and hedge funds. Such investors have shown a strong appetite for new debt instruments and risks that banks have been unwilling or, thanks to increased capital requirements and other regulatory burdens, prohibited from taking on. Notable among these new instruments are second‐lien loans and uni‐tranche debt—instruments that, by shifting the allocation of claims on the debtor's cash flow and assets in ways consistent with the preferences of these new investors, have had the effect of increasing the debt capacity of their portfolio companies. And such increases in debt capacity have in turn enabled private equity funds—now sitting on near‐record amounts of capital from their limited partners—to bid higher prices and compete more effectively in today's intensely competitive M&A market, in which high target acquisition purchase prices are being fueled by a strong stock market and increased competition from corporate acquirers.     

私人股权基金监管的国际经验及对中国的启示

英国对私人股权基金的监管基于两个层面,其一是机构投资者通过与私人股权基金经理签订一些保护自身利益的合约,对基金经理的投资行为进行约束与监管;其二是政策制定者通过制定一系列法律和法规,对私人股权市场进行规范。在中国,针对私人股权市场的专业监管主体还不明确,在很大程度上,私人股权市场的发展没有正式纳入政府的监管体系。中国应该设立一个专门机构或者增设一个职能部门对私人股权基金的发展予以监管;还应建立健全相关的法律法规。     

Arbitrage opportunities on the road to stabilization and reform

During the second half of 1993, when far-reaching structural reforms had left Mexican authorities bereft of policy instruments and macroeconomic stabilization had limited their policy options, two private Mexican banks were issuing short-term Euro-dollar debt at a cost substantially below the yield on dollar-linked government securities of similar maturity. A detailed analysis of the authorities’ policy dilemmas, together with a theoretical model that formalizes them, suggests that this negative spread represented arbitrage opportunities for the two banks. It further indicates that similar opportunities may arise again as more countries embark on programs of stabilization and reform.     

A Comment on the Place of Funded Pensions in Transition Economies

Arguments are presented in the case of Eastern European transitioncountries for combining the restructuring of insolvent pay-as-you-goretirement systems with the introduction of mandatory, private,funded pensions. They involve the reduction of dead-weight loss,the return to formal activity of gray markets, and the developmentof capital markets. With the proper financing, such policiescan also increase national savings. Lack of public knowledgeabout financial instruments for saving argues for making participationin the private funds mandatory. A combination of a reformed pay-as-you-gosystem with private, mandatory funds balances concern for politicalrisk and real wage variability with concern for the variabilityof real financial returns.Animportant caveat is in order. Implementing such a policy requiresa capacity for effective enforcement of prudencial regulationsand a commitment to macroeconomic stability. If these are notpresent, reform should be limited to restoring balance to thepay-as-you-go system.     

Price Subsidies Versus Public Provision

The paper investigates whether price subsidization or public provision of a private good, x, is the more efficient redistributional instrument in addition to an optimal nonlinear income tax. The identity of high and low skill individuals is assumed to be private information generating a self-selection constraint. If the high skill person's consumption of x is sufficiently large relative to that of the low skill person, public provision is the better scheme. With the opposite situation the price subsidy may be the preferred instrument. The paper also characterizes the mixed scheme where all the instruments are used optimally. The mixed scheme can be degenerate with only public provision being used in addition to the income tax. At an optimum where both instruments are used, good x is subsidized, the low skill person is supplementing and the high skill person is forced to overconsume.     

鼓励我国民营企业境外投资的税收政策研究

民营企业境外投资对我国经济发展具有重要意义。本文认为目前我国涉及民营企业境外投资的税收政策不够完善,政府有必要通过制定相关税收法规,加强国际税收协调,完善纳税服务体系等措施鼓励民营企业境外投资。     

推动我国私募基金健康成长的几点思考

私募基金在我国证券市场上的存在已是不争的事实,因其符合供给与需求的均衡点、对我国经济既好又快发展的积极作用、符合国际资本运行的惯例,因此,我国应允许私募基金的存在。当然,由于私募基金存在着风险大、需监管力度大、多层次资本市场不发达、交易不活跃等问题和缺陷,应通过制定和完善与私募基金有关的法规和政策,采取加强对私募基金的监管力度、发展多层次资本市场、努力提高证券市场的活跃程度等措施,推动我国私募基金健康成长。     

Value Capture: A Valid Means of Funding PPPs?

This paper considers the use of value capture (VC) as a means of financing public‐private partnerships (PPPs) in the United Kingdom (UK). Although some VC techniques are used in the UK, they are employed more widely in the United States of America. After considering the traditional approach to financing UK PPPs, this paper describes the main VC finance instruments. The findings of a series of case studies are then presented and conclusions drawn. While VC financing may prove unpopular with those bearing the cost of infrastructure improvements, it is recommended that such instruments are considered by UK policy makers.     

Money and Collateral

This paper presents a model in which collateralized monetary loans are essential as trading instruments. Money and private debt collateralized by real assets complement each other as allocative tools in an environment with informational and commitment limitations. Public debt may play a socially beneficial role when collateral is scarce.     

浙江民营企业实现二次飞跃需要六大转型

当前民营企业在发展过程中,既面临前所未有的历史性机遇,又充满了各种挑战。浙江民营企业为实现二次飞跃,必须避生产要素不足之短,扬体制、机制、资本、市场等方面优势之长,从体制、产业结构、经济增长方式、发展路径、经营方式、市场形态等方面实现转型。     

Monopoly regulation under asymmetric information: prices versus quantities

We compare two instruments to regulate a monopoly that has private information about its demand or costs: fixing either the price or quantity. For each instrument, we consider sophisticated (screening) and simple (bunching) mechanisms. We characterize the optimal mechanisms and compare their welfare performance. With unknown demand and increasing marginal costs, the sophisticated price mechanism dominates that of quantity, whereas the sophisticated quantity mechanism may prevail when marginal costs decrease. The simple price mechanism dominates that of quantity when marginal costs decrease, but the opposite may arise if marginal costs increase. With unknown costs, both instruments are equivalent.     

Financial sector development and dollarization in emerging economies

This paper discusses important features of financial dollarization and its implications for the macro economy and financial sector deepening. Despite the need to slow down the rate of inflation and keep exchange rates under control, to achieve growth and economic development, monetary policies may permit increases in the base money to keep pace with real GDP growth. In heavily dollarized economies, during periods of sharp devaluations of the domestic currency, financial assets and liabilities shift toward foreign currency, exacerbating downward pressure on the exchange rate. When central banks face pressures to keep the exchange rate steady in nominal terms, interest rates in the domestic currency are set at levels substantially higher than those on dollar assets. In such states of the world, banks prefer to lend to the government sector at these higher rates than to the private sector. Although private firms may benefit from lower rates on dollar loans, they also face significant exchange rate or currency risk due to the currency mismatch emerging from their dollar debt while their receivables may tilt toward domestic currency denominated instruments. This weakens their balance sheet, which in turn increases the exposure of the banking sector to a variety of risks.     

西部地区民营经济发展财政支持对策与思考——以四川省达州市为例

改革开放以来,我国民营企业蓬勃发展,民营经济由小到大、由弱变强,在稳定增长、促进创新、增加就业等方面发挥了重要作用,已成为推动我国国民经济发展的重要力量.但是,随着外部环境的深刻变化和受到国内经济下行等多重因素的影响,我国民营企业,尤其是西部欠发达地区的民营企业普遍面临着成本增高、终端市场受限、融资难融资贵、税费负担重等发展瓶颈制约问题.如果这些困难和问题长期得不到有效解决,将会严重影响民营企业的健康发展和阻碍民营经济的快速发展.财政是国家治理的基础和重要支柱.财政部门要充分发挥职能作用,积极支持民营企业健康发展,要以降税减费为主攻方向,减轻民营企业发展中的压力,帮助民营企业做大做强,实现民营经济高质量发展.本课题以四川省达州市为例,提出财政部门支持民营经济发展"1234"工作思路和对策措施,积极推动民营经济发展动力强起来、发展质量高起来、发展速度快起来,为达州加快实现"两个定位"和争创全省经济副中心做出积极贡献.     

金融支持民营经济发展的现实选择与思考——以中国农业银行吉林省分行为例

为适应吉林省民营经济新一轮大发展和经济结构升级转型,中国农业银行吉林省分行应切实履行社会职责,致力于服务民营经济发展、支持民营企业融资,为民营经济发展提供强有力的金融支持。本文通过加大信贷支持、创新金融服务、提升风险管控水平等三方面的分析,总结出金融支持民营经济能力的六大要点。     

The impact of mobile payment on payment choice

This paper investigates the effect of mobile payment on the adoption and use of traditional payment instruments such as cash, checks, and credit, debit and prepaid cards at the point of sale (POS). Data are from a 2012 representative survey on consumer payment choice in the United States. Using discrete-choice random utility models to simulate consumer behavior, the estimation provides two major findings. First, mobile payment does not replace physical payment cards, but is likely to substitute for paper-based payment methods such as cash and checks at the adoption stage. Second, mobile payment does not statistically significantly influence the choice of payment means at the POS in terms of usage. However, there is suggestive evidence that it is complementary to card payments and a substitute for paper-based payment instruments. The findings highlight the potential social welfare gains of mobile payment and provide key insights into challenging issues for the private industry sector. This paper furthermore offers novel evidence on the impact of mobile payment on the use and adoption of existing payment instruments and contributes to the literature on consumer payment choice.     

Value Creation and Governance Structure in Reit Mergers

The Umbrella Partnership REIT (UPREIT) structure has become the dominant form of organization for U.S. REITs. We examine the utility of this corporate structure from a new perspective, finding evidence that convertible securities issued by UPREITs in payment for properties acquired from private sellers often function as instruments of corporate control, aligning the interests of new executives acquired in the transaction with those of the purchasing REIT’s shareholders. We also find evidence that these financial arrangements are used to signal information regarding the firm’s future prospects. We use a sample of 53 public–private mergers 1995–2001, in which the acquirer is a publicly traded REIT. We find that wealth effects from central managerial changes are positively related to the degree to which payment takes the form of convertible equity units of UPREIT subsidiaries, and to the minimum lock-up period for those units prior to conversion. The positive effects of longer lock-ups are evidence that financing structure can be used to reduce agency and information costs related to managerial restructuring in public–private mergers.     

发达国家金融结构演变的新趋势及其借鉴意义

本文使用全部私人市场资本化总量与全部私人信贷总量之比和股票市场资本化总量与存款货币银行信贷总量之比两大指标,来描述发达国家的金融结构;用金融发展总水平这一指标来描述发达国家金融发展的水平。无论从对23个样本国家时间序列数据的分析还是从结合金融发展的分析来看,发达国家金融结构演变都显示出了股票市场主导的金融市场融资比重增加和银行主导的金融中介融资比重下降的趋势。其中,少数发达国家出现了由中介为主体到由市场为主体逆转的趋势,和／或者出现了由银行为主导到由股票市场为主导逆转的趋势。作者还提出了这一新趋势对我国金融结构转变的借鉴意义。     

我国民间投资的比较研究--以浙江、湖南、四川为例

通过对浙江、湖南和四川的民间投资进行实证考察和比较研究,描述了我国东部、中部和西部地区民间投资的发展态势和特点,揭示了民间投资的差距是形成区域经济发展差异的一个主要原因.因此,要统筹协调区域经济发展,必须加速中西部地区的民间投资.