Income,taxes and employer pension contributions

This paper empirically examines the effects of a change in foreign trade regime on productivity growth. Based on a Generalized Leontief factor demand function system, total factor productivity growth (TFPG) rates are calculated for the Turkish rubber industry during a substantial trade liberalization in the 1980s: TFPG was significantly higher following trade liberalization. Technological change was the major contributor to this growth. When a panel data estimation technique is used to explain technological change, the effects of trade liberalization become clearer: a one percentage point increase in the protection level led to more than a one percentage point (1.27) decline in the technological change rate.     

International trade and technological progress in china: Evidence from time series

Using annual time series data (1983–2007), this paper examines the nexus between international trade and technological progress in China. The time series properties of the data are analyzed by bounds testing approach and vector error-correction model. The empirical results show that, it is not international trade volume and export trade volume but the import trade volume that is cointegrated with total factor productivity. The paper also finds that, in the long run, there is a reciprocal Granger causal relationship between the change of import trade volume and the change of total factor productivity, and in the short run, there is no evidence to support the Granger causality between these changes of the two variables.     

双循环重心变化、贸易自由化与我国生产率增进*——基于资源重新配置效率视角

构建双循环新发展格局、推动高质量发展是中共中央关于“十四五”规划与2035年远景目标的战略决策。双循环新发展格局涉及双循环重心变化问题，高质量发展的要义之一是生产率增进。本文将双循环重心变化嵌入异质性企业贸易模型，从资源重新配置效率视角，演示双循环重心由国际向国内转变对贸易自由化的生产率增进效应的影响，而后利用1998—2013年中国制造业企业数据进行实证检验。研究发现，以国际循环为主体的贸易自由化导致集约型资源错配和扩展型资源错配，从而抑制行业总生产率增长；而以国内循环为主体的贸易自由化则有助于提高行业内资源配置效率，从而促进行业总生产率增长。因此，转变过度依赖国际大循环的经济发展模式，构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局是增进贸易自由化的生产率效应，推动对外贸易高质量发展的关键所在。     

Trade,Growth, and Environmental Quality*

This paper examines linkages between international trade, environmental degradation, and economic growth in a dynamic North–South trade game. Using a neoclassical production function subject to an endogenously improving technology, North produces manufactured goods by employing labor, capital, and a natural resource that it imports from South. South extracts the resource using raw labor, in the process generating local pollution. We study optimal regional policies in the presence of local pollution and technology spillovers from North to South under both non‐cooperative and cooperative modes of trade. Non‐cooperative trade is inefficient due to stock externalities. Cooperative trade policies are efficient and yet do not benefit North. Both regions gain from improved productivity in North and faster knowledge diffusion to South regardless of the trading regime.     

技术的公共品或私人品特性与国际技术溢出效应：基于我国的实证分析

本文在假设技术/知识的公共品或私人品特性条件下,研究分析了以进口贸易和FDI为传导机制的国际技术溢出对我国全要素生产率的影响。分析结果表明:通过进口贸易和FDI传导的国际R&D资本、国内R&D资本与我国全要素生产率之间存在稳定的长期均衡关系;技术的公共品或私人品特性不同,技术溢出对我国技术进步产生的影响也存在显著差异。     

Sources of Australian Labour Productivity Change 1950–1994

This study examines sources of Australian labour productivity change from 1950 to 1994. Time-series data are used to estimate a model capturing the interaction between labour productivity, fixed capital, human capital, telecommunications, trade openness and international competitiveness. Attention is given to the time-series properties of these data. ADF tests for unit roots are employed, and the sensitivity of the tests to non-linear transformations and structural breaks are considered. Estimates suggest that policies that promote investment, economic integration and international competitiveness will improve short-run labour productivity. In the long run, fixed capital accumulation is the dominant source of productivity improvement.     

Sources of Japanese competitiveness and growth

This paper examines the properties of a dynamic equilibrium model focused on sectoral specialization and dynamic competitiveness in international trade. Factors of competitiveness and growth were broken down into three parameters on the export side, two parameters on the import side, and two parameters on the productivity side. Furthermore, the relation between the growth rate of productivity and the wages index is examined. In the first period, 1960–1972, the rapid change in the structure of Japanese production and the composition of Japanese exports paralleled the rapid structural change in the international market and the rapid change in the prices of Japanese exports, stimulating Japanese exports to the international market. The engine of economic growth here is a significant technological change along with improvement of labor and capital productivity. In the second period, 1973–1996, factors such as improving the quality of production, cumulative experience, and the flexibility of price elasticity were crucial factors in increasing Japanese exports. Despite the decline in growth rate of technological change, the engine continued to grow and was supported by increasing the value of the economies of scale.     

Exports and firm survival: do trade regime and productivity matter?

This article aims to investigate the role of trade regime and productivity in the link between exporting and firm survival. We use firm-level data from China to examine whether exporters engaged in different trade regimes and with different levels of productivity react differently with regard to survival probability. We find that exporters engaged in all types of trade regimes have higher survival probabilities in comparison with nonexporters; however, the survival probability of exporters engaged in processing trade is less positively affected by productivity.     

Does international openness affect the productivity of local firms?

This paper examines how international openness can change firm productivity in south‐eastern Europe (SEE), a crucial question for middle‐income countries. Using firm‐level data for six transition economies over the 1995–2002 period, we identify whether foreign ownership and propensity to trade with more advanced countries can bring about higher learning effects. We find that: (i) foreign ownership has helped restructure and enhance the productivity of local firms in four out of six countries; (ii) exporting to advanced markets has a larger impact on productivity growth in four countries, especially when the firm's absorptive capacity is taken into account; (iii) in contrast, exporting to the less competitive markets of the former Yugoslavia seems to negatively affect productivity growth in three countries; and (iv) learning effects from importing are similar to those from exporting. Our results suggest that trade liberalization is not uniformly beneficial. Regional composition of trade flows and absorptive capacity of local firms matter. Thus, trade liberalization within the SEE region may not provide a substitute for a general trade liberalization which includes access to the more competitive markets of countries belonging to the Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development.     

出口贸易、企业异质性和生产率:一个比较优势的分析框架

引入比较优势理念分析贸易与行业生产率增长之间的关系,构成企业异质性视野下出口贸易影响生产率的机理。通过数理模型构建出口贸易、比较优势与生产率之间关系的模型,并通过企业微观数据和行业层面数据对此关系进行实证检验。     

Trade Policy and Productivity Growth in OECD Manufacturing *

Trade liberalization may promote economic growth in a number of ways, including by accelerating the rate of technological change. Firms that face more intense import competition may be spurred to greater rates of innovation; firms which export may absorb new technologies through their contact with international markets. This paper examines evidence on trade policy and productivity growth for a sample of thirteen OECD countries and including eighteen manufacturing sectors, using data primarily from the 1980s. Within individual sectors, there are strong productivity convergence effects within the OECD. After controlling for convergence, we find a positive association between high rates of productivity growth and low tariffs, and between high productivity growth and strong export performance. We found no particular association between high productivity growth and import penetration. The results are consistent with the possibility of positive linkages between trade liberalization and accelerated productivity growth. [F1, O4]     

国际生产分割的生产率效应

国际生产分割对参与国的生产率产生了重要影响。本文使用符合中国特点的生产分割指标考察了中国参与国际生产分割对于工业行业生产率的影响。研究结果表明:中国参与生产分割有利于生产率的提高;非加工贸易形式的生产分割对生产率的提升作用要高于加工贸易形式的生产分割;生产分割提高生产率的效果对不同行业是不同的,中低技术行业最为明显,其次是高技术行业,最低为初级产品、劳动和资源密集部门;从发达国家承接的生产分割对生产率的提升作用要大于从非发达国家承接的生产分割。     

储备型汇率制度:发行非国际货币的发展中国家(地区)之选择

国际货币与非国际货币之区分构成了当前国际金融体系典型的非对称特征。该种区分必将影响不同国家间汇率及汇率制度的选择。本文试图提出一种观点:发行非国际货币的发展中国家所选择的汇率制度可以形容为"储备型汇率制度"。在该种制度下,中央银行对外汇市场不断进行干预以实现其国际货币储备的不断积累,由此而造成本币长期贬值(或低估)和贸易的持续顺差。该种观点不仅与当今世界汇率与汇率制度分布之事实相一致,而且还可通过一个反映发展中国家中央银行行为的动态优化模型进行严格的理论证明。尽管"储备型汇率制度"可能与当前IMF所规定的反"货币操纵"条款相冲突,但是在当前这种不公正和非对称的国际货币体系下,该制度无疑是发展中国家的最优选择。     

The effect of a currency union on trade: Lessons from the Irish experience

This paper studies the introduction of an exchange rate between Ireland and the UK in 1979 to shed light on the effects of a common currency on the composition of international trade. No evidence is found from time series or panel regressions that the change of exchange rate regime had a significant effect on Anglo-Irish trade. This finding is consistent with previous studies of currency unions between larger, developed countries but conflicts with findings based on more heterogeneous country groupings. The reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.     

Slow Growth,Trade Liberalisation and the Mexican Disease: A medium-term macroeconomic model with an application to Mexico

The purpose of this paper is to analyse Mexico's medium-term macroeconomic outlook, from the vantage point of the country's recent development. The analysis is carried out within a formal model for the determination of the rates of employment and inflation under conditions of external and internal balance. In equilibrium, the real wage and the rates of employment and inflation depend inter alia on the level of labour productivity, the ratio of foreign debt to domestic output, and the foreign trade regime. Econometric tests based on Mexican data support the model's basic postulates and, in addition, reveal the presence of structural change, linked to trade reform, in the trade balance and the manufactures' productivity growth equations. The macroeconomic implications of such parameter changes are discussed with the help of the analytical model developed.     

外商在华直接投资区域聚集非均衡性的实证研究

新贸易理论认为,国际贸易是技术进步的重要原因。本文采用DEA方法将中国32个工业行业的全要素生产率增长分解为技术效率和技术进步的增长,分别就出口和进口对生产率增长的影响作了实证分析。我们发现,在1998—2003年期间,工业行业的全要素生产率增长的原因主要是各行业的技术进步增长,而不是技术效率的提高;贸易开放度高的行业并不比贸易开放度低的行业具有更高的技术效率和规模效率;出口和生产率增长的关系不显著;但进口显著地促进了工业行业的全要素生产率增长和技术进步的增长。所以,调整中国的进、出口贸易模式显得很有必要。     

New Evidence from Brazil on Trade Liberalization and Productivity Growth*

This article presents evidence on the positive effect of international trade on productivity growth using industrial level data preceding and following Brazil's trade liberalization in 1988–90. Our data reveal large and widespread productivity improvement across industries after barriers to trade were drastically reduced. Econometric results confirm the association between trade liberalization and productivity growth and show that the impact was indeed substantial: The observed tariff reduction in the period brought a 6% estimated increase in total factor productivity growth rate and a similar impact on labor productivity.     

Endogenous Sunk Costs, Flexible Manufacturing and the Productivity Effects of International Trade

The paper addresses the productivity effects of international trade in the presence of flexible manufacturing and endogenous sunk costs (cost-reducing R&D). It shows that international trade raises R&D expenditures, but this will not necessarily boost productivity because of possibly counteracting market structure effects. The analysis is conducted in general equilibrium so that implications for real wages and welfare can also be addressed. Both can fall when trade leads to excessive R&D investment.     

国外异质性厂商贸易理论研究综述

异质性厂商贸易理论代表了国际贸易理论最新发展趋势,研究的是微观经济主体--厂商的贸易和投资行为与自身特征的关系.厂商的市场进入方式与其生产率水平是相对应的,出口和贸易自由化能够提高行业生产率,汇率变化、贸易政策和产业集聚对厂商出口具有重要的影响,厂商进入出口市场前后存在自我选择效应和出口中学习效应,这两种效应都导致厂商生产率提高,最终生产率最高的厂商将以对外直接投资的方式进入国际市场.     

Exports versus FDI in German Manufacturing: Firm Performance and Participation in International Markets

Recent theoretical work has been able to explain how even within narrowly defined industries, firms can exhibit heterogeneous degrees of participation in international commerce. Differences in productivity between firms are the principal explanation offered by theory to explain heterogeneity with respect to international commerce. In particular, theory predicts that the least productive firms will produce for the domestic market only, while better performers engage in export activities, and the top firms establish foreign subsidiaries. This paper presents an empirical test of the relationship between productivity and patterns of international trade and production. Using German firm‐level data from 1996 to 2002, we test the predicted rank ordering of productivity according to firms’ trade pattern by examining the distribution functions of the three subsets of firms for stochastic dominance. Our results are generally consistent with the predictions from theory, and document significant productivity differences according to trade patterns.