基于实施清洁发展机制的演化博弈分析——地方政府与企业

清洁发展机制,简称CDM(Clean Development Mechanism),是根据《京都议定书》第十二条建立的发达国家与发展中国家合作减排温室气体的灵活机制。它允许发达国家的投资者在发展中国家实施有利于发展中国家可持续发展的减排项目,从而减少温室气体排放量,以履行发达国家在《京都议定书》中所承诺的限排或减排义务。本文运用演化博弈模型对清洁发展机制的主要利益主体地方政府和企业进行了分析。     

国际海运温室气体减排的效率机制与清洁发展机制的比较

国际海运温室气体减排政策正在谈判过程中,最终确定的减排机制可能对我国海运发展产生一定影响.国际海事组织推广的"技术、运营和市场"减排方式中,效率机制是重点研究的内容之一,在技术和运营方面,旨在提高船只效率的船只设计效率因子和船只能效管理计划是重点研究的内容,提高效率也是市场机制的重要组成部分.面对当前的国际海运减排形势,采取有效的应对措施才能为我国海运发展争取更多的发展空间.清洁发展机制是<京都议定书>中唯一与发展中国家相关的国际温室气体减排机制,通过几年的实施已经积累了较丰富的经验,文章将对清洁发展机制与国际海运温室气体减排的效率机制进行比较分析,研究如何利用清洁发展机制来分析我国海运行业对国际海运温室气体减排效率机制的应对思路.     

清洁发展机制（CDM）在中国的实施

一、清洁发展机制 清洁发展机制（CDM）是京都议定书（KP1997）规定的三种灵活机制之一（另外两种机制为：联合履行Joint Implementation，简称JI；排放交易E—missions Trading，简称ET）。根据《议定书》的规定，它是发达国家缔约方为实现其部分温室气体减排义务与发展中国家缔约方进行项目合作的机制，     

清洁发展机制在黑龙江省的应用前景及对策建议

清洁发展机制是<京都议定书>框架下三个灵活的机制之一,也是唯一与发展中国家密切相关的机制,是促进碳收入和碳技术向发展中国家转移的主要手段.通过对CDM机制在黑龙江省的应用前景分析,进而从产业政策、技术支持、项目储备和组织保障等方面提出加快黑龙江省CDM项目建设的对策建议.     

清洁发展机制项目开发中的额外性问题研究——兼评中国风电清洁发展机制项目被拒风波

额外性问题作为清洁发展机制的核心问题,关涉发达国家和发展中国家进行清洁发展机制项目减排额转让交易的全球环境效益完整性,同时也是决定某一清洁发展机制项目能否获得联合国批准的关键。文章结合中国风电清洁发展机制项目被联合国拒绝批准的风波,分析额外性论证机制的基本步骤与内在缺陷,并提出中国的对策。     

清洁发展机制（CDM）：能源企业利用外资的契机

清洁发展机制（Clean Development Mechanism，CDM）是《京都议定书》框架下三个灵活的机制之一。清洁发展机制的主要内容是指发达国家通过提供资金和技术的方式，与发展中国家开展项目级的合作，通过项目所实现的“经核证的减排量”，用于发达国家缔约方完成在议定书第三条下关于减少本国温室气体排放的承诺。清洁发展机制被认为是一项“双赢”机制：一方面，发展中国家通过合作可以获得资金和技术，有助于实现自己的可持续发展；另一方面，通过这种合作，发达国家可以大幅度降低其在国内实现减排所需的高昂费用。这类合作项目，称为CDM项目。     

清洁发展机制:提高外资质量的新契机

《京都议定书》第12条规定的“清洁发展机制(CDM)”为发展中国家吸引清洁外资和技术转移提供了新机遇。我国温室气体减排潜力巨大,是全球CDM项目潜力最大的市场,通过对外开展CDM项目合作可以引进大量高质量外资和环保技术,但目前这一潜力未能转化为实际的外资流入和技术转移。本文作者初步研究分析了造成这种现状的主要原因,并针对性地提出了若干政策建议。     

清洁发展机制仿真交易的市场效果研究

清洁发展机制(CDM)是当前应对全球气候变化的一种需要。文章应用基于主体的仿真技术(Agent-based Simulation),对CDM的市场主体进行了刻画,并借助NetLogo软件模拟CDM市场的交易过程。结果发现,在企业保持原有规模不变的条件下,随着交易的不断推进,发达国家节省的成本趋小并收敛于0附近,而发展中国家获得的收益有增长的趋势,但是增速逐渐放缓;在企业选择投建新厂的模式下,发展中国家的企业总规模有快速扩张的趋势,并会超过发达国家。这一模拟结果从经济学的角度解释了为何欧美国家对CDM交易持消极态度。未来如想使清洁发展机制健康稳定的持续下去,则需要改变当前的交易规则,而企业本身则需要审慎评估项目盈利前景。     

我国民族地区清洁发展机制项目发展研究——四川例证

当前,国际国内社会出台了众多应对全球气候变化、减缓气候变暖的政策措施和合作机制,以清洁发展机制(CDM)为核心的可持续发展研究,在降低发达国家减排成本的同时,可为发展中国家带来额外资金和先进技术,实现环境和发展的双赢,因此,近年来在我国得到蓬勃发展.本文以四川这个多民族地区为例证,系统分析四川民族地区CDM项目的发展动态,剖析CDM项目运行管理过程中出现的关键问题,并提出相应的对策建议,通过四川民族地区CDM项目的发展,以此带动我国多民族地区(云、藏、青、甘等)CDM项目的发展,从而促进我国少数民族地区人口、资源、环境协调发展,对进一步保证我国民族团结和政治稳定具有重要战略意义.     

开发清洁发展机制项目的SWOT分析

<京都议定书>下的清洁发展机制(CDM),一向被认为是一种既可帮助发达国家实现其部分温室气体减排义务,同时又能帮助发展中国家实现可持续发展的双赢机制.文章通过总结近年国际CDM项目的开发实践,分析了CDM项目的优势、劣势、机遇与挑战,有助干提高我国利用CDM应对气候变化的能力.     

Foreign Ownership,Equity Arbitrage and Strategic Trade Policy *

This paper investigates whether the cost of environmental regulation influences the international location of polluting industries. Industries that operate production facilities in developing countries are identified through their use of the offshore assembly provisions in the U.S. tariff Code. Pollutions Intensity of industry output is found to significantly reduce the probability of conducting offshore assembly in developing countries. This finding contradicts the arguments that developing countries are becoming pollution havens as a result of offshore assembly independent of their general disregard for the environment. Integrating production across national boundaries might actually enhance worldwide environmental quality. Relatively clean stages of the production process are being transferred to developing countries with lax environmental regulations, while polluting segments remain in the U.S. where strict environmental controls are enforced. [F1, Q2]     

Environmental regulation and trade pattern：a case of China

As a growing number of countries, including both developed and developing countries, have in recent yearstaken environmental regulation at different levels, a question of great concern has been raised： can the regulation alterthe existing trade volume and trade pattern, and ultimately drive pollution-intensive industries to countries with low-levelregulations or even those without regulations at all？ Starting from the three different propositions concerning therelationship between environmental regulation and trade pattern, this paper applies cointegration analysis and errorcorrection model to empirically testing the relationship between environmental regulation and trade in China during theperiod of 1985-2005. Our empirical results indicate that in the short run the collection of pollution discharge fees bearsa positive impact on the export share of clean products of total exports. Thus, higher pollution discharge fees raise theratio of clean products exports to total exports. This further indicates that more stringent environmental regulationpromotes the exports of clean products. In the long run pollution discharge fees are positively correlated with the exportshare of clean products but negatively associated with their import share. Such correlations imply that environmentalregulation tends to facilitate the international specialization in line with comparative advantages.     

国际贸易中的劳工、环境标准之争及发展趋势

近年来,发达国家与发展中国家就国际贸易中劳工、环境标准问题的争论愈加激烈.本文分劳工、环境标准的"公平贸易"之争、WTO引入劳工、环境标准的"合理性"之争两方面对此进行了评述,并预测了其发展趋势.文章认为,劳工、环境标准与国际贸易挂钩是迟早的事.我们一方面需防止贸易伙伴国出于贸易保护需要对劳工、环境标准的滥用;同时应积极主动地运用国际公认的劳工、环境标准,以提升我国产品的国际竞争力.     

Measuring the Effect of Economic Growth on Countries’ Environmental Efficiency: A Conditional Directional Distance Function Approach

Using a recently developed probabilistic approach of a conditional directional distance function, we measure the effect of economic growth on countries’ environmental efficiency in carbon dioxide emissions for a sample of 99 countries over the period of 1980–2010. Our approach directly accounts for the exogenous factors influencing countries’ environmental production; therefore, we do not impose the separability condition on the estimated environmental efficiencies. When examining the entire sample as well as the sample of developed countries, our results reveal an inverted U-shaped relationship between countries’ GDP per capita and environmental efficiency. However, when examining the relationship for the sample of developing countries, the results reveal an N-shaped form. Moreover, our results show that countries ratifying the Kyoto Protocol tend to have higher efficiency scores, implying that their mitigation activity is less costly.     

国际垂直专业化对中国环境效率的影响

理论上,发达国家跨国公司主导下的国际垂直专业化通过工序配置和价值分配对发展中国家的环境技术进步及其技术效率产生负面影响,从而导致后者环境效率的恶化。本文基于我国省级和行业面板数据模型的检验表明,国际垂直专业化对中国环境技术进步和环境效率变化具有显著负作用。为提高环境效率,中国应改变在国际垂直专业化中被支配的地位,同时发达国家和国际组织应加强自身在环境技术扩散中的作用。     

Does eco-certification boost regulatory compliance in developing countries? ISO 14001 in Mexico

Private sector initiatives certifying that producers of goods and services adhere to defined environmental process standards are increasingly popular worldwide. According to proponents, they can circumvent chronic barriers to effective public sector environmental regulation in developing countries. But eco-certification programs will have limited effects on producers?? environmental performance if, as one would expect, they select for those already meeting certification standards. Rigorous evaluations of the environmental effects of eco-certification in developing countries that control for selection bias are rare. We use plant-level data on more than 80,000 Mexican facilities to determine whether ISO 14001 series certification of environmental management systems boosts regulatory compliance. We use propensity score matching to control for nonrandom selection into the program. We find that plants recently fined by environmental regulators were more likely to be certified, all other things equal, but that certified plants were subsequently fined just as often as similar uncertified plants. These results suggest that in Mexico, the ISO 14001 program attracts dirty plants under pressure from regulators??not just relatively clean ones??but does not have a large, lasting impact on their regulatory compliance.     

Climate Change Mitigation with Technology Spillovers

We explore the implications of an increase in clean technology spillovers between developed and developing countries. We build a game of abatements in which players are linked with technology spillovers determined by an initial choice of absorptive capacities by developing countries. We show that, within a non-cooperative framework, the response of clean technology investments in developed countries to an increase in cross-country technology spillovers is ambiguous. If the marginal benefits of these additional abatements are not sufficiently high, developed countries have a strategic incentive to decrease investments. Such a strategic response jeopardizes the initial effects of an increase in technology spillovers on climate change mitigation and decreases the incentives for developing countries to enhance their absorptive capacities.     

异质性环境规制、清洁型技术结构与区域工业环境效率提升

构建并演绎异质性环境规制、清洁型技术结构与工业环境效率之间的作用机制,测算我国及各省份清洁、非清洁技术效率和工业环境效率,实证检验不同类型环境规制通过清洁型技术结构对工业环境效率形成的直接效应、中介效应和门限效应。研究发现:各地区清洁、非清洁技术效率和工业环境效率一直呈上升趋势,且东部均高于中、西部地区。惩罚性环境规制和奖励性环境规制对工业环境效率的直接效应具有显著的正向影响,前者明显大于后者,但前者的作用力度逐渐减弱,后者的作用力度逐渐增强。二者均存在可持续两期的部分中介效应。惩罚性和奖励性环境规制分别呈现双重和三重门限效应,大部分省份的环境规制已突破U型门槛下限,正向作用于工业环境效率。     

The clean development mechanism versus international permit trading: The effect on technological change

The clean development mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol may induce technological change in developing countries. As an alternative to the clean development mechanism regime, developing countries may accept a (generous) cap on their own emissions, allow domestic producers to invest in new efficient technologies, and sell the excess emission permits on the international permit market. The purpose of this article is to show how the gains from investment, and hence the incentive to invest in new technology in developing countries, differ between the two alternative regimes. We show that the difference in the gains from investment depends on whether the producers in developing countries face competitive or noncompetitive output markets, whether the investment affects fixed or variable production costs, and whether producers can reduce emissions through means other than investing in new technology.     

国际碳排博弈现状及中国低碳经济对策

自从气候门变成了一场罗生门,在全球变暖变冷未定的情况下,世界低碳博弈逐渐演变成了一场政治马拉松。面对欧盟的碳排总量限定和美国的碳关税征收,作为发展中国家,我们在这场博弈中应强调权利与义务相匹配,坚持＂共同但有区别责任＂,为产业升级与新能源发展争取时间。一方面,积极参与清洁能源合作机制,从国外获得资金技术支持和管理经验或者合作伙伴;另一方面,从国内政府支持、法律新规、管理层更替及新能源研发着手,在未来实现能源利用率提高与能源结构多元化,从而实现可持续发展。