产业结构调整、环境规制与经济增长——基于中国2005—2017年30个省域面板数据的实证研究

利用我国2005—2017年30个省域面板数据,实证检验了现阶段产业结构调整和环境规制对经济增长的影响。研究结果表明:(1)我国现阶段的产业结构调整抑制了经济增长;(2)环境规制与经济增长之间存在倒"U"型的曲线关系,现阶段环境规制促进了经济增长;(3)加入产业结构调整与环境规制强度的交互项后发现,环境规制可以有效减小现阶段产业结构调整对经济增长的负面影响。根据研究分析得出,现阶段的产业结构调整要避免出现快速"去工业化"的现象,经济发展依然要依托制造业的坚实发展等。     

环境规制对我国进口贸易的影响

文章利用我国1998—2012年的工业污染治理项目完成投资额和进口总额数据,建立计量经济模型,对我国环境规制和进口贸易之间的关系进行分析,结果表明我国环境规制与进口贸易呈正相关,且两者之间存在长期的相互影响关系。     

环境规制对长三角地区就业的影响——基于工业行业技术进步的视角

文章采用2002—2013年长三角地区15个城市工业行业的面板数据,构建技术进步综合指数并基于技术进步视角实证分析了环境规制对就业的影响。研究结果表明:(1)随着长三角地区环境规制强度的增加,对就业先起促进作用,当环境规制强度到达临界值后对就业有抑制作用,即环境规制与就业之间呈倒U型的曲线关系:(2)目前长三角15个城市的环境规制水平全部处于倒U型曲线左侧,此时增加环境规制强度能促进就业;(3)在倒U型曲线的左侧,环境规制能够通过技术进步促进就业。     

环境规制影响了中国工业的生产率吗——基于DEA与协整分析的实证检验

本文先基于DEA方法测算出1996—2007年我国工业部门的全要素生产率(TFP),然后验证了TFP和环境规制之间的关系。结果表明:(1)环境规制和TFP之间存在协整关系;(2)环境规制是TFP的格兰杰成因,随着滞后期的加大,格兰杰成因更加显著;(3)环境规制在长期对TFP的正向促进作用比短期更为明显。因此,政府应当适度提高环境规制强度,优化环境规制形式,进一步诱发"创新补偿"效应,实现环境保护和生产率提高、经济增长的"双赢"。     

环境规制对资源型省份经济高质量发展的影响效应——以新疆为例

针对中国资源型省份经济转型升级尤其是经济高质量发展中生态环境与经济发展之间的两难问题,论文以新疆为例,探究环境规制能否成为加快资源型省份经济高质量发展的助推器。基于新疆14个地州市2000—2019年的面板数据,分别从工业"三废"角度和新发展理念角度构建环境规制和经济高质量发展评价指标体系,利用熵值法测度新疆环境规制强度和经济高质量发展水平,并构建空间面板回归进行实证分析,得出以下结论:(1)新疆环境规制能够促进经济高质量发展;(2)从子系统来看,环境规制能够促进绿色发展和共享发展,抑制协调发展和开放发展,促进创新发展的作用不显著;(3)从空间效应来看,环境规制对新疆经济高质量发展存在正向溢出效应;(4)从区域异质性来看,北疆环境规制对经济高质量发展的促进作用强于南疆。     

环境规制对产业链区际分工影响的本地与邻地效应——基于长江经济带化工行业实证分析

在分析环境规制对产业链区际分工的影响机制及空间格局基础上,构建空间杜宾(SDM)模型,并以长江经济带化工行业为例,实证本地与邻地的分工效应,主要结论:(1)从空间格局来看,长三角地区具高环境规制与高分工水平耦合特征,而云贵川等上游地区则具低环境规制协同性与低分工水平,上中下游区域空间差异大。(2)从空间关联来看,短期内加强环境规制引致产业链区际转移,"污染天堂假说"成立,且本地与邻地分工水平均呈下降特征,但邻地降幅低于本地,长期来看,影响呈倒"U"型特征,本地临界值为1.7850,邻地为3.3025,即当强度为1.7850时,本地与邻地分工水平都得到提升,在1.7850～3.3025之间时,对邻地分工更有利,但高于3.3025时,本地与邻地分工均将抑制。同时,规制加强对本地与邻地都具技术促进作用,且资本、劳动力等要素影响分工水平。建议如下:(1)各地区应制定适度环境规制;(2)实施地区差异化环境政策并协同推进;(3)建立"引领—跟随"型区际分工推进机制;(4)加大技术创新,严格外商引入渠道;(5)统筹度量要素组合,注重产业长远发展。     

我国政府环境规制促进环保装备制造业发展的实证研究

环保装备制造业是在当前严峻环境形势下兴起的新兴产业,是进行环境保护的装备基础和技术保障,以环境保护为目的的政府环境规制政策,如何影响环保装备制造业的发展成为当前亟需探究的问题。通过了解环保装备制造业的特点,分析政府环境规制影响环保装备制造业发展的作用机理,运用熵值法计算出政府环境规制综合评价指标,并在VAR模型的基础上借助格兰杰因果关系检验、IRF脉冲响应分析以及方差分解等工具对我国政府环境规制与环保装备制造业之间的关系进行实证研究。研究结果表明,我国政府环境规制对环保装备制造业的发展具有积极的促进作用。以此为基础,提出了加强政府环境规制力度和环保宣传力度、科学运用政府补贴或投资、加强技术创新引导等政策建议,以实现经济与环境的协同发展。     

环境规制、研发投资与企业绿色技术进步

环境问题成为制约中国经济绿色可持续发展的关键。为探究环境规制影响企业绿色技术进步的微观机理,讨论不同类型环境规制下异质性研发投资作用于企业绿色技术进步的效果,运用面板门槛回归模型实证得出,企业绿色技术进步的提升主要依靠研究性投资的推动,具体来讲：(1)法规命令类环境规制下,研究性投资更能刺激企业的绿色技术进步,且“阶梯向上”的作用特征明显;(2)市场导向类环境规制下,研究性投资和试验开发性投资对绿色技术进步的作用均表现为倒U型趋势,且落入最优规制区间内的企业数量最多;(3)公众参与类环境规制的门槛较高,目前只刺激了部分企业研究性投资的正向作用;(4)东、中、西部地区的分组门槛回归结果表明,不同区域内的环境规制作用下,企业异质性研发投资的作用效果存在较大差别,这对不同区域内的“规制组合”提出了更高的要求。     

地区环境规制政策为何趋异?——来自省际贸易成本的新解释

本文通过引入企业异质性假设并构建一个区域环境规制的空间经济学理论模型,考察了在"为增长而竞争"的制度背景下省际贸易成本降低对区域环境规制力度差异的影响,并基于1998~2013年中国"省份-省份"地区组面板数据进行了实证检验。研究发现:(1)在现行体制下,发达地区与欠发达地区之间必然会存在显著的环境规制政策差异;(2)随着地区间贸易成本逐渐减低,发达地区会采取更为严格的环境保护政策,欠发达地区则会采取更为宽松的环境保护政策,地区间的环境规制政策差异会扩大;(3)环境规制竞争政策存在着显著的俱乐部效应。要改变这一困局,则要从根本上改变以增长竞争为核心的官员考核体系,并加快推进环境保护系统的垂直化管理。     

环境规制与经济增长:基于中国省际面板联立方程的分析

笔者通过构建环境规制与经济增长之间的联立方程模型,检验了1996年～2010年两者的相互关系。检验结果显示:就全面层面数据而言,环境规制与经济增长两者间存在单向因果关系;在我国经济发达地区,环境规制与经济增长存在双向因果关系;在我国经济欠发达地区,环境规制与经济增长不存在因果关系。虽然,不同地区间环境规制与经济增长的关系不同,但是人力资本与经济增长交互项在经济发达地区和经济欠发达地区都对环境规制产生显著性正向作用。     

Productivity and environmental regulation: the effect of the nitrates directive in the French pig sector

This paper measures the ensuing changes in productivity in the French pig sector following the introduction of the European regulation addressing water pollution by nitrates from agriculture. Productivity is measured using the Malmquist–Luenberger index. The sources of changes in productivity observed are examined by breaking down this index into its technical progress and efficiency components. The results show that in the early stages, increases in productivity were stimulated by increased efficiency, before being driven by technical progress. The estimations regarding the sources of efficiency gains for the farms in the sample (technical efficiency, efficiency of scale and environmental efficiency) are then used to estimate the indirect costs and benefits (or negative costs) linked to the introduction of the environmental regulation controlling the disposal of organic manure and the management of nitrogen surplus from pig farms. The existence of a “win-win” effect as regards the Porter hypothesis relation between efficiency and environmental regulation is highlighted for the French pig sector.      

Eco-innovation and regulatory push/pull effect in the case of REACH regulation: empirical evidence based on survey data

Numerous theoretical and empirical studies provide evidence of a positive correlation between eco-innovation and environmental regulation. However, few analyses explain how environmental policies drive eco-innovation. This article studies eco-innovation-friendly mechanisms in the design of European REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization of Chemicals) regulation. The aim of REACH, which became effective in 2007, is ‘to ensure a high level of protection of human health and the environment while improving competitiveness and innovation’ which makes it appropriate and original for analysing the relationship between environmental regulation and eco-innovation. The primary contribution of this article is to provide a new theoretical and empirical perspective on eco-innovation by showing how design regulation is able to push and pull the environment innovation, based on an original survey related to REACH regulation. The econometric model shows that (1) regulatory-push mechanisms seem to be more important drivers than regulatory-pull mechanisms; (2) the process of authorization and the obligation to transmit information throughout the supply chain play an important role in ‘pushing’ eco-innovation, suggesting that policymakers should promote new ‘green knowledge’ to encourage eco-innovation; (3) extending obligations has a significantly positive effect on ‘pulling’ eco-innovation and (4) only well-designed instruments, appropriate for the techno-industrial and institutional contexts in which they are to be applied, lead to innovation.     

The impact and economic cost of environmental regulation on energy utilization in China

This article utilizes three data envelopment analysis-based models: a no environmental regulation model, a weak environmental regulation model and a strong environmental regulation model to reveal the impact of environmental regulation on China’s regional total-factor energy efficiency (TFEE) during the period of 2003–2010. To take a further step, these three models are adjusted for calculating the correspondingly macro-economic cost of environmental regulation. The estimation results show that at present, the level of China’s environmental regulation is relatively low, and an enhancing of environmental regulation would lead to a sufficient increase of China’s regional TFEE with an enormous economic cost as its price. That means in China, the nationwide environmental stress is high, and the regulation cost is very huge. Strengthening environmental regulation would inevitably have some negative influences on China’s economy in the short run. Based on our findings, some corresponding policies are also proposed in this article.     

环境规制对中国制造业结构优化的影响

采用2005-2016年中国内地30个省市面板数据,综合运用系统GMM模型和固定效应模型,探讨正式、非正式环境规制对制造业结构优化的影响。从直接影响看,正式环境规制能促进制造业结构高级化但未促进合理化,而非正式环境规制对制造业结构合理化和高级化均产生促进作用。进一步以技术创新为中介变量的分析发现,两种环境规制均能通过技术创新的中介效应对制造业结构合理化和高级化产生正向影响,但对制造业结构高级化的影响存在区域差异性：正式环境规制对东部地区制造业结构高级化产生显著正向影响,对中部、东北地区无显著影响,对西部地区产生显著负向影响;非正式环境规制对中部、西部地区制造业结构高级化产生显著正向影响,对东部、东北地区无显著影响。最后,基于实证结果,从两种环境规制互补、环境规制与技术创新互动、区域差异化环境规制等角度,就如何实施环境规制、倒逼制造业结构优化提出若干建议。     

Environmental regulation and investment: Evidence from European industry data

This paper contributes to the empirical literature on the effects of environmental regulation on investment. In particular, we ask whether and how strongly an industry's investment responds to stringency in environmental regulation. Environmental regulation is measured as (i) an industry's total current expenditure on environmental protection, and (ii) a country-industry's revenue from environmental taxes. Focusing on European data of manufacturing industries between 1998 and 2007, we estimate the differential impact of environmental stringency on four types of investment: gross investment in tangible goods, in new buildings, in machinery, and in ‘productive’ investment (investment in tangible goods minus investment in abatement technologies). Both environmental variables enter positively, and their quadratic terms exhibit significantly negative parameter estimates. This, in turn, indicates a positive but diminishing impact of environmental regulation on investment.     

环境规制强度、企业规模对技术创新质量的影响

运用2007-2016年中国工业企业省级面板数据建立门槛回归模型,分别以企业规模和环境规制强度为门槛变量,研究环境规制强度、企业规模与环境规制强度交互项对技术创新质量的影响。结果表明：以企业规模为门槛变量时,东部、中部和西部地区环境规制强度与技术创新质量间存在单门槛效应。当企业规模低于门槛值时,东部地区环境规制强度能够有效促进技术创新质量提升,中西部地区促进效果并不显著;当跨越门槛值后,均可有效促进技术创新质量提升,并且东部地区促进效果增强;以环境规制强度为门槛变量时,东部、中部和西部地区环境规制强度与技术创新质量间存在单门槛效应;当环境规制强度低于相应门槛值时,东部地区促进效果显著,而中西部效果不显著;达到门槛值后,促进效果均显著,但东部地区促进程度稍有减弱;企业规模会间接影响环境规制强度对技术创新质量的促进作用。     

The spatial correlation and interaction between environmental regulation and foreign direct investment

This paper uses spatial simultaneous equation models to analyze the two-way mechanism between environmental regulation and foreign direct investment (FDI). The results, based on data from 285 cities in China from 2003 to 2014, show the following. (1) Not only does environmental regulation have a significant impact on the location choice of FDI, but FDI tends to flow to a city with more relaxed environmental regulation. Environmental regulation can also trigger the near transfer effect of FDI. (2) FDI has a significant spatial spillover effect and this spatial spillover effect has an important impact on FDI and environmental regulation in a particular city. (3) Although multinationals choose a city with more relaxed environmental regulations when they invest in China, FDI inflows have increased both the number and severity of local environmental regulations, indicating that the “pollution haven” hypothesis does not hold in China. (4) Environmental regulation has a significant spatial spillover effect, and this spatial spillover effect has an important impact on both environmental regulation and FDI in cities. In China, there is also a local competitive effect of environmental regulation, albeit with significant regional differences.     

不同技术创新形式在环境规制与工业绿色增长关系中的作用

在绿色浪潮席卷全球背景下，基于2011-2017年中国34个工业行业面板数据，将考虑能源消耗和环境污染的绿色增长作为中国工业增长的衡量标准，借助EBM模型构建“工业绿色增长指数”以测算分行业绿色增长水平，进而运用GMM两步迭代法检验在环境规制对工业绿色增长影响过程中，不同创新形式的作用差异。结果表明，环境规制对工艺创新和产品创新均有激励作用，但对工艺创新的激励作用更大；工艺创新和产品创新都能促进工业绿色增长，但产品创新的贡献更大；两种创新形式在环境规制对工业绿色增长影响中均起部分中介作用，但产品创新的中介作用略大。这表明，产品创新是工业企业应对环境规制、实现工业绿色增长的最佳战略选择。研究结论不仅解锁了环境规制影响工业绿色增长的中间过程机制，同时也对绿色转型中工业企业如何在环境规制约束下选择创新形式具有指导意义。