空间失配研究态势的文献计量分析

采用文献引文网络分析可视化软件Citcspacc Ⅱ对SSCI中有关“空间失配”主题的研究丈献进行分析,判明国外“空间失配”的研究热点和趋势。研究热点主要是空间失配带来的各种问题以及造成空间失配的原因。研究趋势是更加注重空间数据和实证研究。     

Job Decentralization with Suburban Housing Discrimination: An Urban Equilibrium Model of Spatial Mismatch

The spatial mismatch hypothesis, with its roots in the work of Kain (1968,Quart. J. Econ.82(2), 175–197), has received much recent attention from empirical researchers. Its basic premise is that differences in job access between black and white workers have contributed to increasing racial inequality in urban labor markets. While the initial evidence was ambiguous, recent studies have established that differences in job accessibility have worsened the labor market outcomes of minority workers. This paper develops an urban equilibrium model which allows for the analysis of the impact of job decentralization and suburban housing discrimination on the welfare of workers in a city.     

北京市职住分离及其影响因素分析

采用北京交通发展研究中心开展的家庭居民交通行为调查(2013年),并结合第三次全国经济普查数据,讨论了家庭收入、房屋类型、通勤方式等6个变量的职住分离特征及其差异,用多元回归分析的方法系统分析各变量同通勤时间之间的关系。结果显示:(1)随着收入的增加,通勤时间和距离呈上升趋势;家庭收入在居住区位选择、房屋类型、通勤方式以及通勤距离和时间等方面具有决定性作用。(2)租住房屋、单位房、经济适用房和商品房的通勤时间和距离依次呈上升趋势,住房制度的历史路径依赖仍然存在,用地市场化驱动的城市空间结构趋向分散,职住空间重构具有一定的一致性。(3)通勤时间基本呈现公司员工商业服务业事业单位自由职业的格局。(4)通勤时间和距离与职住比、通勤方式、性别、职业类型、房屋类型、年家庭收入等变量线性关系显著,同年龄、就业密度线性关系不显著。(5)随着职住比的增加,通勤时间呈现先下降后上升的U型结构。     

Social and Spatial Implications of Housing Reform in China

Research into eastern European housing reform indicates that privatization has been accompanied by processes of social and physical exclusion and segregation. Has the Chinese housing reform been accompanied by similar problems? This paper addresses this question by examining the early evidence on the social and spatial consequences of housing reform. It begins with a discussion of the particular social and spatial patterns of Chinese cities developed during the early years of Communist control and then examines the social and spatial impacts of housing reform. It is argued that although housing reform has brought significant changes to the housing provision system and improved many urban residents' living conditions, it has not entirely broken the traditional system. Reform was to a large extent carried out within work‐unit establishments and has had very different impacts for different social and economic groups. In addition, spatial impacts in urban areas have varied between old and new areas and between rich and poor areas. La recherche sur les réformes du logement en Europe de l'est montre que la privatisation a été accompagnée de processus d'exclusion et de ségrégation physique et sociale. La réforme chinoise du logement a‐t‐elle été accompagnée de problèmes identiques? Cet article examine les premières données sur les conséquences sociales et spatiales de la réforme du logement. Il commence par une discussion des modèles sociaux et spatiaux particuliers aux villes chinoises développés durant les premières années du contrôle communiste et examine ensuite l'impact social et spatial de la réforme du logement. Bien que la réforme du logement ait apporté des changements significatifs au système de provision du logement et amélioré les conditions de vie de nombreux résidents urbains, elle n'a pas entièrement rompu avec le système traditionnel. La réforme a été en grande partie conduite à l'intérieur des établissements d'unités de travail et a eu un impact très différent sur les divers groupes sociaux et économiques. De plus, les impacts spatiaux dans les régions urbaines ont varié selon que les régions sont anciennes ou nouvelles et riches ou pauvres.     

基于空间自相关的云南省经济社会发展质量空间特征研究

科学合理的分析区域经济社会发展质量空间结构对促进国家或地区社会经济合理规划具有重要意义.本文以2018年云南省129个区县单元为研究对象,从经济发展规模、经济结构、社会发展质量三个评价维度构建了云南省区域社会经济发展质量评价指标体系,采用熵权法和综合指数法对2018年云南省区域经济社会发展质量进行评价,利用空间自相关析法对云南省区域发展的空间聚集特征进行分析.研究结果表明:①云南省整体发展水平在总体上具有不平衡性,社会发展质量相对较低,社会经济发展分配不平衡,现代化产业发展相对缓慢.②云南省县域社会经济发展水平空间差异大,呈现中部高,四周低的现象.③云南省县域社会经济发展水平存在显著全局空间自相关关系,但区域经济发展水平局部相关性不明显,各县城社会经济发展呈孤立态势发展.     

Living With Stigma: Spatial and Social Divisions in a Danish City

Inspired by Bourdieu's theory of homology between social, mental and spatial structures, this essay dissects the relationship between spatial and social divisions in the Danish city of Aalborg using varied data from official statistics, surveys, qualitative interviews and field observations. Spatial divisions reflect differences in the objective distribution of economic and cultural capital, and are accompanied by symbolic divisions in residents’ minds. Some nuances are, however, added to Bourdieu's homology argument, as there are discrepancies between objective distributions and mental schemes, such that the latter exaggerate and dramatize the former. The neighbourhood of Aalborg East is subjected to this symbolic exaggeration in the form of spatial stigma or territorial stigmatization. An analysis of residents’ strategies for coping with spatial stigma furthermore provides an illustration of Wacquant's claim that this stigmatization can be met with a range of socially patterned responses ranging from acceptance or indifference to recalcitrance.     

空间正义、社区赋权与城市更新范式的社会形塑

提出了城市更新范式社会形塑的理论逻辑框架:"空间正义(原因)——社区赋权(过程)——政策悖论(绩效)"。研究表明:(1)对空间正义的追求是城市更新范式变革的本质原因;(2)社区赋权作为推动城市更新范式变革的关键途径,通过社区组织或社区个体影响政策制定与实施;(3)社区赋权的绩效依赖社会自治土壤,可能导致政策悖论,需要审慎选择推进时机与力度。这对我国新型城镇化进程中城市更新政策的制定与实施有着重要的参考指导意义。     

货币错配、汇率升值和经济波动

本文在考虑当前东亚各国普遍存在的资产型货币错配情况下,将Ber-nanke等(1999)模型推广到小国开放经济中,分析了由外生冲击导致的汇率升值影响经济的传导路径,以及这种影响程度所取决的因素。研究发现,当一个国家存在资产型货币错配时,汇率升值降低企业净值,并通过金融加速器机制提高企业的外部融资成本,进而影响企业的投资和产出。模型的数值模拟结果表明,升值导致的产出下降幅度与该国的货币错配程度和金融加速器效应直接相关。当该国货币错配程度较高,金融加速器效应显著时,外部冲击导致的升值可能使经济陷入流动性陷阱。     

Mismatch Shocks and Unemployment During the Great Recession

We investigate the macroeconomic consequences of fluctuations in the effectiveness of the labor market matching process with a focus on the Great Recession. We conduct our analysis in the context of an estimated medium‐scale dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with sticky prices and equilibrium search unemployment that features a shock to the matching efficiency (or mismatch shock). We find that this shock is not important for unemployment fluctuations in normal times. However, it plays a somewhat larger role during the Great Recession when it contributes to raise the actual unemployment rate by around 1.3 percentage points and the natural rate by around 2 percentage points. The mismatch shock is the dominant driver of the natural rate of unemployment and explains part of the recent shift of the Beveridge curve. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mismatch and the Forecasting Performance of Matching Functions

This paper investigates the role of structural imbalance between job seekers and job openings for the forecasting performance of a labour market matching function. Starting from a Cobb–Douglas matching function with constant returns to scale (CRS) in each frictional micro market shows that on the aggregate level, a measure of mismatch is a crucial ingredient of the matching function and hence should not be ignored for forecasting hiring figures. Consequently, we allow the matching process to depend on the level of regional, qualificatory and occupational mismatch between unemployed and vacancies. In pseudo out‐of‐sample tests that account for the nested model environment, we find that forecasting models enhanced by a measure of mismatch significantly outperform their benchmark counterparts for all forecast horizons ranging between one month and a year. This is especially pronounced during and in the aftermath of the Great Recession where a low level of mismatch improved the possibility of unemployed to find a job again. The results show that imposing CRS helps improve forecast accuracy compared to unrestricted models.     

空间重构语境下的城市空间属地型碎片化倾向

转型期城市空间重构过程中,中国城市结构逐渐表现出类似于西方的社会空间碎片化特征,而中国以门禁社区为表征的城市空间属地型碎片化倾向则具有其独特性.主要表现为:社会阶层分化以后,不同阶层的社会群体聚居在城市特定区位和社区内,彼此间社会空间通过门禁与围墙相互隔离,并伴随着城市宏观空间的破碎状态和公共空间的私有化侵占.在此基础...     

货币错配:一种新的测度模型

国际上测度货币错配的指标体系经历过几次演变,但均存在重大缺陷。本文提出一种新的测度模型:综合货币错配绝对量指标(ACMAQ),基本解决了这些缺陷,提高了准确性与合理性。运用ACMAQ测算表明,中国目前面临着巨大的净外币资产型的货币错配,已经带来了巨大损失。从国际比较来看,无论是绝对量还是相对量,均在国际上名列前茅。从部门的交叉数据看,主要集中在公共部门与银行部门。     

大城市保障性住房空间布局的社会问题与治理途径

本文研究了北京、上海、南京等五大城市保障性住房空间布局特征,指出大城市保障性住房普遍存在空间选址偏僻、大规模集中建设、配套设施不完善等现实问题.在分析以上问题形成原因的基础上,认为大城市保障性住房集中建设在偏远郊区可能导致社会隔离与排斥加剧、出现城市贫民区与贫困文化、贫困的代际延续与社会风险加剧等一系列社会问题.因此建...     

综合集成法在配送车辆路径优化可接受性中的应用研究

首先介绍综合集成法的提出及应用现状,然后分析综合集成研讨厅的构建,最后,将分析结果应用到大规模城市配送车辆路径优化问题中,构建了大规模城市配送车辆路径优化综合集成研讨厅,并对方案可接受性指数进行了评价.     

上市公司投融资期限错配及其风险研究

本文认为,与西方成熟的市场化投、融资制度背景不同,我国转轨期间的企业投融资期限错配现象严重,这一现象很难用西方传统的期限结构理论进行解释。主要表现企业的投融资期限结构错配主要是由融资制度性约束所引起。投融资期限结构的错配,不仅会使债务治理效果弱化、企业和银行的风险加大,最终会加剧宏观经济波动风险。应不断完善法律法规,加大对债权人的保护力度;还应建立多层次、多渠道的融资市场。     

社会转型背景下桂北少数民族聚落空间重构策略研究

以社会和空间两个视角,研究在社会转型下,桂北少数民族聚落空间重构特征及所面临的挑战,并从转变价值观念、提高就业水平、注重特色引导和集聚发展等方面提出策略以解决聚落空巢现象严重、空间形态遭到破坏、空间发展粗犷无序等问题,使空间重构与社会转型良性互动,从而使民族聚落得到保护与发展。     

The Social,Spatial, and Economic Roots of Urban Inequality in Africa: Contextualizing Jane Jacobs and Henry George

Unravelling the social and economic roots of urban inequality in Africa has remained a thorny issue in African political economy. Stripped to its bare essentials, the critical questions are who causes urban inequality, what causes it, and how it is caused? While all different, the questions are interrelated. Answering the “who causes inequality” question requires a related analysis of what and why, and that is connected to the how question. Indeed, the how question has two parts—how inequality is caused and how it can be addressed. Both are connected to the why question and to its resolution. Unfortunately, while studies about urban inequality abound, they tend to hive off one aspect or another of the tripartite questions on inequality and, even worse, they study the three questions separately. This article tries to overcome the existing atomistic and piecemeal approach to the study of urban inequality in Africa by contextualizing the work of Jane Jacobs and Henry George, who took a holistic view of urban inequality. It argues that Jacobsianism and Georgism have much to offer in terms of understanding urban inequality in Africa, but neither analysis goes far enough to be able to serve as a solid foundation for policy. Ultimately, it is in their approach to urban analysis—the emphasis on context, on actual urban problems, inductivism, and some of their mechanisms for change such as George's land tax and cautious abstraction, in that order, along with their combined vision—which I call “diversity in equality”—that can add to the insights of postcolonialism in understanding and transforming urban inequality in Africa.     

The Rise in Danish Unemployment: Reallocation or Mismatch?*

The two main competing theories for the outward shift in the uv‐curve are investigated: increased separations from employment at a given employment level (reallocation) and decreased levels of hires, given unemployment and vacancies (mismatch). Shifts in the unemployment–vacancy (uv)‐curve and the hiring function are modelled by smooth transition functions, and the hypothesis of analogous shifts in the two curves is tested and accepted. This is interpreted as evidence in favour of the mismatch hypotheses.     

Corporate Social Responsibility and Social Entrepreneurship

Milton Friedman argued that the social responsibility of firms is to maximize profits. This paper examines this argument for the economic environment envisioned by Friedman in which citizens can personally give to social causes and can invest in profit‐maximizing firms and firms that give a portion of their profits to social causes. Citizens obtain social satisfaction from corporate social giving, but corporate giving may not be a perfect substitute for personal giving. The paper presents a theory of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and shows that CSR is costly when it is an imperfect substitute. When investors anticipate the CSR, shareholders do not bear its cost. Instead, the entrepreneurs who form the CSR firms bear the cost. Shareholders bear the cost of CSR only when it is a surprise, and it is to such surprises that Friedman objects. A social entrepreneur is willing to form a CSR firm at a financial loss because either doing so expands the opportunity sets of citizens in consumption‐social giving space or there is an entrepreneurial warm glow from forming the firm. Firms can also undertake strategic CSR activities that increase profits, and a social entrepreneur carries strategic CSR beyond profit maximization and market value maximization. The paper also examines the implications of taxes and the effect of the market for control for the sustainability of CSR.