Price and profitability in fish smoking in southwestern Nigeria

Comparative market prices for four freshwater and four marine fish species in the raw and processed forms were determined in a survey within Lagos and Oyo States of Nigeria. Costs of processed fish were calculated relative to the sale prices of their raw equivalents, taking moisture differences and cost of processing into consideration. All the species would have to be sold in the processed form for much higher prices than was found during the survey if sales were to be by weight. Processed catfish, sardine, mudfish and mackerel appear to be sold at a loss while three species (tilapia, sole and bongafish) are sold at very marginal profit. Only tigerfish is sold at reasonable profit. It is suggested that anyone going into fish smoking as a modern business venture should be prepared to face unfair competition in pricing from the small operators who appear to be underpricing their products and who currently dominate almost the entire fish market in Nigeria.     

应用DNA条形码技术鉴定口岸截获的国内未见分布蚊种

[目的]利用DNA条形码技术对口岸截获的形态特征破坏严重的未知蚊类进行种类鉴定。[方法]提取从荷兰进口的废纸中截获的一头形态严重破坏的蚊类的基因组DNA。采用无脊椎动物线粒体细胞色素氧化酶I（COI）的通用引物LCO1490和HCO2198扩增目的片段。然后纯化、克隆测序、序列分析、与BOLD中的序列进行比对。[结果]该未知蚊类的DNA条形码序列与BOLD中环带林蚊（Sylvicola cinctus）的序列相似性超过99.8%;并与原产地专家交流确认截获的蚊种为环带林蚊。经科技查新,确认为首次截获的国内未见分布蚊种。[结论] DNA条形码能克服传统物种鉴定依靠完整的外部形态的局限,有效提高外来物种的种类鉴别能力,大大缩短检测周期,降低外来物种对我国生态和公共卫生安全的危害。     

阿拉山口口岸2012年交通工具及旅客携带物疫情截获分析

[目的]掌握阿拉山口口岸入境空集装箱和国际列车携带有害生物种类,研究入境空集装箱的检疫监管对策。[方法]对2012年阿拉山口口岸入境空集装箱和国际列车截获检疫数据进行统计分析。[结果]空返集装箱中截获杂草22种,有害昆虫35种,动物尸体56具。截获检疫性的有害生物3种：花斑皮蠹、六齿小蠹、双棘长蠹成虫（非中国种）;旅客截留物截获7种昆虫,截获检疫性有害生物1种：苹果蠹蛾。[结论]基本掌握阿拉山口口岸入境空箱携带有害生物总体情况,入境空箱检疫风险不容忽视,需采取科学的检疫监管对策。     

2006～2009年首都机场口岸蜚蠊密度监测报告

[目的]掌握首都机场口岸蜚蠊密度、季节消长和种群构成情况,为首都机场口岸的蜚蠊防治提供科学依据。[方法]统一采用粘捕法。[结果]2006、2007、2008、2009年首都机场口岸蜚蠊的年平均密度分别为0.30、0.49、0.16、0.16只/张.夜;从2008年起蜚蠊密度明显下降,下降率为62.79%;首都机场口岸目前只监测到两种蜚蠊,其中德国小蠊为优势种,占98.50%,美洲大蠊占1.50%。[结论]首都机场口岸全年均有蜚蠊孳生,没有明显的季节消长规律;种类有德国小蠊和美洲大蠊两种,其中德国小蠊为绝对优势种,应成为今后防治的重点。     

从台湾输入观赏鱼的风险分析及检疫管理措施

本文在比较研究台湾与大陆观赏鱼疫病发生情况、易感染观赏鱼种类、对行业危害程度等的基础上,经过风险识别,确认从台湾输入观赏鱼需要进行风险评估的水生动物疫病。采用定性风险评估的方法对这些水生动物疫病进行风险分析,并根据风险分析结果,提出从台湾输入观赏鱼应关注的疫情疫病名单和观赏鱼种类,以及有效降低疫情疫病传入的风险管理措施。     

7种小蠹虫过氧化物酶同工酶的比较研究

应用PAGE方法对内蒙古二连浩特口岸进境木材上7种小蠹虫幼虫和成虫的过氧化物酶（POD）同工酶进行研究分析,结果显示7种小蠹虫POD同工酶电泳酶谱缺乏稳定性,属间差异大于种间差异,种间差异不明显,所以利用POD同工酶电泳酶谱对小蠹虫种间分类鉴定的准确性还有待于进一步研究。     

AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE MEAT PREFERENCES OF MALAWIANS

A questionnaire sent to 155 individuals was used to determine the meat preferences of families in three different socio-economic groups within the capital city of Malawi. Beef was the most strongly preferred meat, followed by chicken. When these two meats were unavailable differences between groups became apparent; high income families preferring pork and sheep, and low income families preferring goat, rabbit and ‘other’ meats. These results were influenced by the method of marketing of particular meats, but show that meat preferences of Malawians are different from those of individuals of Western European origin. Total meat production and consumption could be increased by an improvement in the production and marketing of goat meat; the second most popular species in farm holdings.     

医学蚊媒和蜚蠊的诱集监测技术研究

[目的]改进医学媒介昆虫蚊类和蜚蠊的诱集方法,提高口岸对蚊媒和蜚蠊的诱捕能力和监测技术。[方法]使用由本研究设计的多种昆虫诱集装置配合新型昆虫引诱剂,在福建口岸诱集蚊虫和蟑螂,进行效果初步验证。[结果]诱集实验捕获蚊虫5个种,共计1089只,致倦库蚊（Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus）为优势种;蜚蠊4个种,共计380只,德国小蠊（Blattella germanica）为优势种。诱集装置与新型诱剂的组合使用对蚊虫（t=8.190,P〈0.01）和蜚蠊（F=5.859,p〈0.05）的诱集效果均明显好于常规方法。[结论]采用诱集装置并配合新型引诱剂的方法能够获得较好的监测效果,该方法可用于口岸蚊媒和蜚蠊的诱集监测。     

多重PCR技术在鉴定菜豆中的应用

通过分析菜豆及其近缘种共21份植物材料的psbA-trnH基因序列,设计出一对菜豆的特异性引物。将叶绿体trnL和此对特异性引物结合进行多重PCR,结果表明可用于鉴定菜豆。     

马尾口岸蝇类生物多样性和携带病原微生物情况的研究

目的全面掌握马尾口岸蝇类的种群分布及季节消长变化,分析不同生境和地点蝇类携带病原微生物的差别,对相关疾病的流行风险进行评估。方法根据马尾口岸地理分布和港口类型,2007年7月至2008年6月间,抽取8个监测点7个不同生境实施为期1年的蝇类本底调查,按生境分类对携带病原微生物进行检测。结果捕获蝇类49579只,年平均密度74.67只/笼.日,隶属4科22属36种,比2004年多19种,其中4种未见在福州分布记录,大头金蝇为优势种群。垃圾堆蝇密度最高,高于荒地、居民室外和食堂。大裕堆场和中钢码头蝇密度较高,高于居委会、青州堆场、局本部和闽鑫物流。5至10月份捕获的蝇数占总数的94.57%,出现了9月和5月的双峰。蝇类体内、外均虽未检出痢疾杆菌、伤寒杆菌和霍乱弧菌等强致病菌,但普遍检出了变形杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和肺炎克雷伯菌等,以及可引起食物中毒的病原菌如金黄色葡萄球菌、变形杆菌等,个别样本检出气单胞菌和小肠耶尔森氏菌。部分蝇体内检出柯萨奇病毒和轮状病毒（A组）。结论马尾口岸蝇种丰富,比4年前有了较大增长,出现了4种输入性蝇种,蝇类体表和体内携带的病毒,可能引起食物中毒及其他肠道传染病传播的风险。     

海藻多糖的生物活性及医药应用研究新进展

海藻多糖是一类海藻提取物，属于植物多糖中的一种，是一种天然活性物质，具有许多药用功能。近年来有关海藻多糖在医药方面的应用越来越受到人们的关注。本文就其生物活性及其药用功能的研究进展作一综述。     

Nutrient composition of selected fresh and processed fish species from lake Malawi: a nutritional possibility for people living with HIV/AIDS

Nutrition is important for both healthy and sick people. Unfortunately for sick people, especially those living with HIV/AIDS, the emphasis has mostly been on drugs at the expense of nutritional aspects. People living with HIV/AIDS and related diseases need a lot of protein and energy‐rich foods together with vitamins and minerals. Fish are particularly rich in these nutrients. In Malawi, fish are harvested in large numbers and to avoid deterioration, some are smoked, sun dried or partially boiled and then sun dried. Since the nutrient contents of the fresh and processed fish may differ, a study was carried out on four different fresh and processed fish species (Copadichromis inornatus, Rhamphochromis ferox, Engraulicypris sardella and Oreochromis lidole) in order to determine which species was the more nutritive. The results showed that E. sardella and C. inornatus species, fresh or processed, had relatively higher (P < 0.001) protein content (58.22 ± 0.6% and 57.78 ± 0.7% respectively), fat (25.2 ± 1.2 and 22.08 ± 0.4% respectively), energy (24086.7 ± 151.7 J/g and 22204.9 ± 84.7 J/g respectively) than either R. ferox or O. lidole. Although the R. ferox species had lower protein, fat and energy than E. sardella or C. inornatus, this species had higher available lysine content. Calcium and magnesium contents of E. sardella and C. inornatus were however, slightly lower (P < 0.001) than those of the other two species. There were variations between and within the species for all parameters analysed. The results obtained in this work suggest that people living with HIV/AIDS in Malawi can best build their muscle and get more energy and minerals from the E. sardella and C. inornatus fish species. It would therefore be recommended that appropriate technologies for improving the availability and productivity of such fish should be developed and tested for people living with HIV/AIDS or affected households. However, it is suggested that a larger group of the commonly available fish species should be analysed so as to offer a wider choice to consumers.     

A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF CONSUMER PREFERENCE FOR WHITE FISH OF DIFFERENT SPECIES*

White fish of different species were compared in a series of experiments involving the use of taste panels. Problems encountered in presenting uniform samples are described and the preferences established are discussed. It was established that appearance, texture and flavour all contributed to determining the relative acceptability offish species, and that very small differences in these properties led to definite preferences for certain types of fish.     

2009年中俄满洲里-后贝加尔斯克口岸地区蚤类调查

本文报告了2009年8月在满洲里-后贝加尔斯克口岸地区进行鼠传疾病联合监测时的蚤类调查结果。在中俄双方口岸地区分别捕获蚤类5种285匹和8种160匹,中方蚤类的宿主多,鼠体染蚤率和总蚤指数均高于俄方。     

生态位与商家经营定位

生态位原理认为 ,每个物种都有自己的生态位 ,不同的物种依赖不同的食物生存 ,同一物种则错开寻食时间和地点。根据这个原理 ,为了避免无谓的竞争 ,商家也应当尽量减少重叠的生态位 ,选准自己的经营定位。生态位现象给商家带来无穷的启示。在商业集聚区要善于错位经营 ,在广阔的农村要善于寻找虚生态位。     

HPLC-ICP-MS法同时测定贝类中5种砷形态化合物

采用水-甲醇(1:1,V/V)溶液超声波辅助萃取,建立了同时快速测定贝类中砷胆碱、砷甜菜碱、亚砷酸、砷酸和4-氨基苯胂酸等5种砷形态的高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱(HPLC-ICP-MS)分析方法。对萃取溶液浓度、超声波辅助萃取温度和时间等条件进行了优化。选用Hamilton PRP-X100阴离子分析柱,以50 mmol/L碳酸铵-甲醇(99:1,V/V)溶液为流动相,进行梯度洗脱对5种砷形态分离,并优化了质谱测试条件。试验结果表明,5种砷形态达到很好的分离效果,在质量浓度为0~100μg/L的范围内与其对应的峰面积均具有良好的线性关系,线性相关系数r²均大于0.999,检出限在0.2~0.60μg/L之间,两水平样品加标回收率在90.5%~103.5%之间,方法的精密度在1.6%~4.2%之间。     

Consumer attitudes and acceptance of genetically modified organisms in Korea

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) were first used to designate micro organisms that had had genes from other species transferred into their genetic material by the then‐new techniques of ‘gene‐splicing.’ Cultivation of GMOs has so far been most widespread in the production of soybeans and maize. The United States holds almost three‐fourths of the total crop area devoted to GMOs. Because many crops have been imported from the US, there is a large possibility for consumers to intake the products of GMOs in Korea. The safety of GMOs is not scientifically settled at this time, however. Additionally, the research regarding the GMOs issue of consumers has rarely been conducted in Korea. This study therefore focused on the consumer attitudes about GMOs and willingness to purchase them. The data were collected from 506 adults living in Seoul, Daegu and Busan, Korea, by means of a self‐administered questionnaire. Frequencies and chi‐square tests were conducted by SPSS. The results of the survey were as follows. First, the consumer concerns about GMOs were high but recognition was low; many respondents answered they did not have exact information about GMOs, although they had heard about them. Second, almost 93% of the respondents desired the labelling of GMOs. Third, the level of acceptance of GMOs was high; two‐thirds of the respondents showed that they were willing to buy GMOs. Finally, many respondents worried about the safety of GMOs in that 73% of the respondents primarily wanted to be informed about safety of GMOs. This study suggests that the consumer education about GMOs should be conducted through mass media and consumer protection organisations.     

实时荧光定量PCR法检测对虾白斑综合征病毒

对虾白斑病由白斑综合征病毒（WSSV）感染引起,所有养殖对虾对该病高度易感,蟹类、小龙虾、淡水虾以及各种龙虾也易感,但发病率和死亡率有很大差别。多种虾类常表现为持续感染或终身隐性感染。隐性感染虾体内的病毒含量极低,需建立一种快速、灵敏、准确的检测方法。本文应用TaqMan探针技术设计了探针和引物,建立了检测WSSV的实时荧光定量PCR方法。对影响PCR反应的主要因素Mg^2＋浓度和退火温度等进行了优化,证明当Mg2＋浓度为3.5～4.0 mmol,退火温度为59～60℃时可获得最佳的扩增和检测效果。     

Anti‐microbial hand washes for domestic use – their effectiveness in vitro and in normal use

The killing or removal of microbes from the hands is a critical factor in food safety as many studies have shown the hands to be both an important source of microbes and powerful agents of cross‐contamination in hospital and domestic situations. In response to this concern, a number of novel hand‐washing products have appeared on the market. These products contain anti‐microbial agents and claim to be more effective at removing bacteria than soap bars and conventional liquid soaps. This study attempts to test these claims by comparing the effectiveness of a conventional soap bar, a conventional liquid soap and an anti‐microbial liquid soap containing triclosan. In vitro tests demonstrate that the anti‐microbial liquid soap is more effective than conventional liquid soaps in reducing the viability of six bacterial species and that this effect is both time and dose dependent. However, when the three soaps were compared for their ability to reduce microbial counts on the hands no differences were observed between the three products. For all three soaps, counts after washing sometimes went up and sometimes down when compared with pre‐wash counts. This was the case both when the soaps were used ‘normally’– that is, with great variation in the time taken, water and soap volumes used and method of washing and after a standardized, rigorous wash recommended in clinical situations. Furthermore, reduction in microbial counts from hands contaminated by handling raw meat was no greater for the anti‐microbial than for the conventional liquid soap.     

Household Consumption of Catfish in Louisiana by Product Type

Catfish is the leading aquacultural species produced in the United States. This article addresses the consumption patterns for catfish by product type: fillet, whole and nugget. Each catfish product type has a unique market which has changed over time. Implications are that these markets need to be disaggregated and monitored over time since they are dynamic.