失地农民问题的成因分析及解决对策

城市化进程中的失地农民问题已成为困扰我国社会和谐和稳定的严重问题。因而从城市化与市场化、公共事业用地、各项制度及征地补偿等方面来分析产生失地农民的原因,继而通过合理规划,消除制度性障碍,完善补偿机制等方面的措施,达到少占用农民土地,尽可能不占地,并切实提高已占用土地的利用效率,这样既保护了有限的土地资源,保证我国的粮食安全,又减少了一大批新的失业大军,使农民有所依靠,从而也保证了社会稳定,这也对和谐社会的建设具有重要意义。     

浅议保护耕地,保持土地资源的可持续利用

自古以来支撑人类社会生存和发展的基本物质基础之一就是土地资源,人类通过土地创造了丰富璀璨的社会财富,土地是创造财富的主要源泉。古言之"民以食为天、食以土为本"。指的就是土地资源是人类生存的根本是承载人类社会几乎所有活动的场所。因此更应当重视土地资源的可持续利用,人类社会需要可持续发展就必须要重视土地资源的可持续利用,这两者之间是相互依存的。所以人类只有协调好自身的人口增长、社会经济发展、自然环境改善与土地资源可持续利用的关系,才能更好的利用土地资源造福人类。     

论建设用地集约利用——基于两阶段利用论的解释

起步于20世纪末期的建设用地集约利用研究主要借鉴农用地集约利用的理论,但二者在利用的阶段性、动态性等方面存在差异。本文认为,建设用地利用应区分初级利用和次级利用两个阶段,其集约利用的总目标是追求土地对建筑、人口、经济等各要素的容受力不断提高,但两阶段测度有所差别;同时,中国国情决定了建设用地两阶段利用都应追求集约高效,但结合有关案例分析表明,初级集约利用和次级集约利用之间存在着一定的制衡,需要相互协调,把握合理的"度"。     

A cobweb model of land-use competition between food and bioenergy crops

We present a model of interacting cobweb markets and apply it to land-use competition between food and bioenergy crops. In our model the markets are interlinked on the supply side by the limited availability of land. Therefore, instabilities are transferred between the markets and we find that bioenergy demand affects food price volatility. The agents in the model have heterogeneous production capacities, representing variation in global land quality. When we allow agents to choose price predictor, we find that a more sophisticated (but costly) predictor is concentrated to some key parcels of land, which enables the system to reduce instability significantly. The system can also be brought closer to a stable state by introducing costs for changing production type, but it may then be shifted away from the optimum situation predicted by the corresponding equilibrium model.     

The index of decent subsistence

The index of decent subsistence (IDS) is a price index that allows for purchasing substitutions when food prices change. The consumer's food basket is represented by a utility maximizing quadratic program that computes the cost of decent subsistence (CDS) and assures gastronomic equivalence among the food baskets optimized at various price levels. This IDS is the ratio of respective CDS measures. IDS estimates from USDA food group data are presented for the 1965–1975 and 1978–1989 time periods. These estimates are shown to be inconsistent with fixed weight price indexes computed for the same periods. Implications for the food stamp program and institution feeding systems are discussed.     

农村土地承包经营权流转机制创新研究

本文对我国农业发展加速转型阶段的农村土地承包经营权流转机制创新态势、问题和障碍进行了分析,认为为了有序规范地推进农地流转,应进一步合理定位政府的导向作用,加大对土地流转项目的服务和监管力度,注重发挥专业合作社在土地流转中的积极作用,以农地产权制度改革为核心推进土地资源资本化,完善基层农村土地流转管理服务体系。     

Taxation for Low Cost Wood Fiber*

Abstract . If forest industry taxation is to be put on a sound economic basis, the Federal Government, the largest land owner, should pay the same taxes as any other landowner, so that the social and economic effects of taxation are realized. Specialists report that the form of the property tax preferred for the taxation of the property of the forest industry, under most circumstances, is land value taxation, not the property tax based on income realized at some point In the future which presumed the continued existence of virgin forests. This paper recognizes that the forest industry now is based on harvests of tree crops and proposes a further development of the land value taxation principle in the form of a forest tax composed of a land value tax combined with a tax on tree growth which increases as growth as a percentage of volume growth decreases with the tree's increasing age.     

论失地农民城市化进程中的社会保障体系构建

城市化是中国走向现代化的必然趋势,在城市扩张的过程中征占农村土地的力度越来越大,失地农民越来越多,失地农民市民化已成为推进城市化的瓶颈。因此,文章提出建立新型社会保障体系是解决失地农民进入城市门槛的对策构想。     

高效节水灌溉对水利发展的必要性

高效节水灌溉项目实施后,可有效地改善项目区群众的生产条件和生活环境,对于保障国家粮食安全、增加农民收入、改善生态环境、促进经济社会可持续发展具有重大而深远的意义。     

北京第二道绿化隔离带建设中的土地利用补偿制度分析

通过对北京第二道绿化隔离地区现行土地制度研究发现,这一地区建设过程中出现的建设资金短缺,上楼后的农民就业与养老不落实等问题大都源于土地制度的不完善,其中,土地利用补偿制度对绿化隔离地区建设具有重要影响.试图通过研究在北京第二道绿化隔离地区建设过程中的三方利益主体-政府、农民和开发商在建设中的角色和经济上的相互关系,提出对农民和开发商进行土地利用补偿的依据.     

Land Taxes in Agriculture

A bstract Farmland , which occupies two thirds of America's privately owned territory, provides more than food and fiber. Agricultural uses of land preserve open space, filter and store water, supfwrt wildlife, conserve rural resources, enlarge life style opportunities for an urban society. One instrument for preserving agricultural land from urban developmental pressures is the preferential assessment for real property tax, essentially a two rate tax favoring farming as a land use. Preferential assessment, administered typically at small, nonrollback differentials, has not deterred intensive land use changes. Indeed, it may have had the opposite effect. Changes in the tax on land and buildings are recommended as improvements in the preferential assessment of agricultural land.     

土地使用管制及其利益补偿研究评述和启示

土地使用管制是政府配置土地资源、干预土地市场的一种方式。纠正土地使用的外部性、提供公共产品是管制的主要目的。土地使用管制的存在是必要的，但是人们必须注意加强对其效果的研究。这些效果有些是积极的，有些是消极的。土地使用管制本身是有成本的。随着社会的发展，土地使用管制方式越来越多样化、弹性化和市场化。由于管制而给有关主体造成的影响可通过税费或者补偿的方式予以再调整，以维护社会公平，并达到特定的社会目标。本文通过对国内外有关文献的回顾，得出了几点对我国土地制度有益的启示，这些制度包括耕地保护制度、用途管制制度和城市土地出让制度。     

Optimal policies in cities with congestion and agglomeration externalities: Congestion tolls,labor subsidies,and place-based strategies

This paper develops a spatial general equilibrium model that accommodates both congestion and agglomeration externalities, while firms’ and households’ land-use decisions are endogenous across continuous space. Focusing on the interaction between externalities and land use patterns, we examine the efficiencies of first-best policies and second-best pricing and place-based strategies using numerical simulations. A first-best policy must combine both Pigouvian congestion tolling (PCT) and Pigouvian labor subsidies (PLS) instruments, or design an optimal toll (or subsidy) internalizing agglomeration externalities (or congestion externalities). We also examine second-best pricing policies if only one instrument is adopted. Congestion pricing policies alone (e.g., a partial PCT or a flat-rate toll) can improve social welfare only in heavy-congestion cities, and their welfare gains may be insignificant (e.g., below 10% of the welfare improvement achieved by first-best policies). In contrast, second-best labor subsidy policies alone are a more effective alternative to first-best policies. As to place-based policies, the firm cluster zoning (FCZ) regulation is more efficient than the urban growth boundary (UGB) policy. UGBs only have small effects on the agglomeration economy but could worsen land market distortions via residential rent-escalation effects. These findings suggest that it is important to internalize business land use decisions and relax monocentricity assumptions, in order to appreciate the interplay of both urban externalities, since spatial adaptations to policy interventions can distort system efficiencies.     

河南省中小食品企业发展动因实证分析——以洛阳全福食品公司为例

随着经济的强劲复苏,越来越多的大型食品企业开始重新分割市场,对河南中小食品企业产生了较大的冲击力,也对河南中小食品企业发展提出了新的挑战。面对来自大型食品企业的压力,河南中小食品企业应采用企业之间的联合竞争策略、树立企业形象和品牌以及加大政府扶持力度等应对措施。当前,河南中小食品企业的发展应充分利用这些有利因素,抓住机遇,迎接挑战。     

土地紧缩政策背景下土地利用问题研究述评——基于城市规划学科的视角

2003年以来国家采取土地紧缩的政策,但城市规划学者对土地问题的关注并不够,很多规划方案难以"落地",研究亦偏重对欧美城市发展模式的借鉴,而对国内体制的剖析不足。从土地权属角度来看,侧重国有土地的规划研究,而忽视集体土地等,这跟国家土地政策走势不太吻合。鉴于此,如何建构一个能促进土地集约利用的机制并构建围绕土地的利益共同体,如何培养一个真正能促进土地集约利用的政府等将是近期亟待研究的重要议题。     

The prospect of decent work,decent industrial relations and decent social relations in China: towards a multi-level and multi-disciplinary approach

Abstract

Decent Work is a key initiative launched by the International Labour Organization in 1999. The initiative is to promote decent and productive employment with decent conditions of freedom, equality, security and human dignity. In reviewing academic literature on decent work, existing studies have been conducted primarily from a legal and political economic perspective. It is also largely situated outside any national industrial relations framework, both theoretically and practically. Decent work is an advocacy initiative of ILO, but the promotion of universal values embodied in the notion (e.g. equality, fairness, justice and dignity) needs to be tailored to specific societal contexts. Drawing on existing academic literature, this review article examines ideological, institutional and cultural distances between decent work and the reality of employment in China. It argues that achieving decent work requires an ideological transition of ‘traditional’ Chinese work ethics and a cultural transition from collectivism and altruism towards individualism and an emphasis on individual rights. This study also examines and highlights regulatory enforcement deficits and the inadequate role of the trade union in facilitating the advancement of decent work at various levels. Finally, the article argues that the study of decent work should be mainstreamed as an integral part of decent industrial relations and ultimately, decent social relations. It calls for a multi-level and multi-disciplinary approach to examining the historical, political, economic, ideological and cultural context of specific countries in fulfilling the ‘Decent Work’ agenda.     

“谷贱伤农”现象探析与对策

当前农村"谷贱伤农"的现象普遍存在,通俗地说就是农民增产了,却不能增收。导致农民种粮的积极性受到严重伤害,以至于一些农田荒费。虽然国家也曾制定一系列措施,却不能从根本上解决这种现象。运用经济学原理对这种现象产生的原因作出解释,并提出解决该问题的切实可行的方法。     

乡镇驻地土地利用规模与价格敏感度分析--以湖北省大冶市还地桥镇为例

研究目的：针对目前我国乡镇驻地住宅用地面积庞大、工业占地面积大、商业面积狭小的现状，分析乡镇驻地人均占地面积大、土地利用粗放的原因，提出乡镇土地集约节约利用土地的对策。研究方法：敏感度模型与实证分析。研究结论：乡镇驻地商业与住宅用地价格对土地利用规模的敏感度一般，但是乡镇驻地工业用地价格敏感度极低，反映在乡镇驻地工业用地价格过低，导致工业占地面积大，乡镇土地利用混乱。乡镇驻地可以通过价格调节商业、住宅用地规模，但工业用地的规模更多的需要行政或者法律等其他手段进行调节，从而达到挖掘乡镇驻地土地利用潜力，节约集约利用土地的目的。     

城市狭窄场地深基坑联合支护技术应用研究

近年来,随着经济的发展社会的进步,城市建设规模逐渐加大,为了节约地上空间,节省土地资源,高层建筑、地下建筑、隧道等工程大幅度增加,充分利用地下空间的深基坑工程也随之增加。城市深基坑工程,施工场地狭窄,开挖较深,土方开挖难度大,施工运输困难。本文在对常用深基坑支护技术进行对比分析的基础上,结合工程实例,对混凝土灌注桩、喷射混凝土相结合的联合支护方式进行应用效果分析,目前,此类深基坑支护问题已经成为基坑支护的新课题,文章对城市狭窄环境下的深基坑支护技术施工优化提出对策建议。深基坑工程施工问题对整个建筑施工起着举足轻重的影响。     

Implications for food production potential of future urban expansion in Ontario

The paper describes the application of an evaluation system to assess the flexibility that would exist in the use of Ontario's agricultural land resources under alternative urban growth scenarios. A programming method is employed, but the analysis does not yield a “best” or “predicted” allocation of land use; rather, the system gauges the degree to which options in the use of land are affected by changes in conditions, and identifies those land areas which are strategically important for particular uses given the specified conditions. The conditions are specified to reflect possible patterns of urban and exurban development, both with and without policy controls. The analysis provides evaluations of both the pressures on the land resources if food production requirements are to be met, and the importance of particular land units for agriculture if the requirements are to be met, under the alternative urban growth scenarios.