国外城市规划的经验及借鉴

着重介绍了纽约、伦敦、悉尼、新加坡和东京五城市城市规划过程中对适应人口的变化、加速经济增长、促进环境保护等方面所采取的措施,并阐述了这些城市规划经验对我国各大城市规划的借鉴意义.     

Distributional effects of imputed rents in five European countries

Most empirical distributional studies of well-being in developed countries rely on distributions of disposable income. From a theoretical point of view this practice is contentious since a household’s command over resources is determined not only by its spending power over commodities it can buy in the market but also on resources available to the household members through non-market mechanisms such as the in-kind provisions of the welfare state and the value of private non-cash incomes. In developed market economies the most important private non-cash income component is imputed rent from owner-occupied or subsidized accommodation. Employing a wider definition of imputed rent that also allows the analyst to capture income advantages among tenants living in rent-subsidized accommodations of various sorts (including rent-free or reduced-rent households), the present paper examines the differential effects of including imputed rents in the concept of resources in five European countries (Belgium, Germany, Greece, Italy and the UK). The results suggest that in almost all cases, the inclusion of imputed rents in the concept of resources leads to a decline in measured levels of inequality and poverty. The main beneficiaries are outright homeowners and households living in rent-free (or heavily subsidized) accommodation—most often older persons. The inclusion of imputed rents in the concept of resources does not lead to substantial changes in the ranking of the countries according to their level of inequality, despite widespread differences in the rates of home ownership and subsidization across the countries studied here.     

Business communities in the European confectionery sector: A U.K.-Finland comparison

This paper is based on the early stages of an international collaborative project investigating the structural changes of the confectionery sectors in Finland and the U.K. over the past two decades. An institutional perspective is used to extend conventional understandings of industries via the development of the sector concept. The network and community constructs are shown to be important devices for understanding the institutional character of a sector. Accordingly, the paper reveals the similarities and differences between the two national examples. An explanation is offered of the way domestic networks persist in both countries while contrasting community profiles are apparent.     

从更新到再生:欧美内城复兴的演变和启示

通过研究战后欧美国家内城复兴政策的起源、演变及其经验教训,指出城市再生是欧美国家内城复兴政策发展的最新形式;从比较的视角,探讨了城市再生和传统城市更新在理论基础、方法、内容等方面的区别;结合我国当前城市更新中的实际问题,探讨了我国城市更新的发展方向。     

Perceptions of economic insecurity: Evidence from Russia

Economic insecurity is an inherent characteristic of the transition from a planned economy to a market-oriented economy and workers’ assessments of their economic insecurity have direct consequences not only for their happiness/well-being, but also on consumption and saving behavior. This study utilizes data from the nationally representative Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey to study perceptions of economic insecurity among workers in both rural and urban settlements. Analyzing three measures of perceived economic insecurity, we find that perceptions of insecurity were higher when economic conditions were deteriorating (1995–1998), and lower when economic conditions had stabilized (2000–2004). While perceived insecurity varies substantially by worker characteristics–those with less education, women, and unskilled and semi-skilled manual workers feel most vulnerable–, differences in observed characteristics explain a relatively small part of the ruralurban perceptions gap; other factors, such as different rates of economic recovery in rural and urban locales are also important. Individual well-being and household consumption tend to be lower when concerns about economic insecurity are present.     

Perceived insecurity in the public space: personal,social and environmental variables

Perceived insecurity in the public space: Personal, social and environmental variables. This paper explores perception of insecurity among the users of Barcelona’s public space. It describes the results of a research aimed to determine the key variables for the understanding of subjective insecurity. Structural equation models have been applied for this purpose. Results show low relative indices of causality for environmental variables, whereas those related to space representation, residential satisfaction and urban identity, social support and personal competences offer high predictive potential. It is concluded that insecurity perceptions in the public space are therefore strongly linked to social interaction processes and to the social construction of insecurity. Other results, like the influence of gender or age, are consistent with previous findings.     

欧美城市贫困集中研究述评及对我国的启示

从城市地理学、城市规划学和城市社会学的视角,综合评述了欧美国家城市贫困集中的现象,分析了贫困集中所造成的居民收入和就业机会下降、社会隔离及歧视加剧、社会治安环境恶劣、孩子遭受不良影响和公共配套设施短缺等问题,探究了市场、政府、特殊人文因素和产业结构转型等因素对贫困集中的影响。欧美城市经验为我国城市发展提供了有价值的启示,为了减少贫困集中以及由此引发的社会问题,政府应主动进行调控,缩小居民过大的收入差距,避免经济适用房和廉租房住区的集中布局,建设多样化混合社区,以及使公共住房政策由供给导向向需求导向转变。     

Patterns of growth in Chinese cities: Implications of the land lease

A special feature of China’s housing market is land use rights in the form of land leasehold contracts granted by the government. We consider an equilibrium model in which a representative developer may choose to redevelop existing centrally located housing or to develop new housing at the periphery of the city. We show that as the city grows, the land leasehold system results in the city center being developed less intensely and more land being used on the outskirts of the city when compared to a fee simple environment. Thus, cities in China are likely to be relatively more spread out, with city centers relatively older than would be the case with “fee simple” ownership. Our model suggests that excess residential land use is about 6 percent. In addition, compared with the ownership case, housing supply will grow more quickly in the near future, but more slowly later on during the transition of the Chinese economy. Parallel to the supply growth pattern, equilibrium price grows relative slowly in the near future, but more quickly later on. While we focus on residential uses, we believe our model can be applied to other land uses.     

The smartization of metropolitan cities: the case of Paris

International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal - Although the smart city literature is continuously increasing these last decades, there is still a need to better understand what make their...     

Economic austerity and healthcare restructuring: correlates and consequences of nursing job insecurity

The healthcare system underwent considerable restructuring and downsizing in the early to mid-1990s in several countries as governments cut costs to reduce their budget deficits. Studies of the effects of these efforts on nursing staff and hospital functioning in various countries generally reported negative impacts. Healthcare restructuring and hospital downsizing is again being implemented in North America in 2009/2010 as governments struggle to reduce their deficits at a time of worldwide economic recession. The present study examines the relationship of hospital restructuring initiatives in and their link with increased threats to job security with a variety of individual and hospital outcomes in a sample of nursing staff working in hospitals undergoing significant restructuring and downsizing. Data were collected from 289 nursing staff working in California hospitals. Nurses reported a relatively large number of restructuring and downsizing initiatives. Restructuring initiatives and threats to job security accounted for a greater increment in explained variance on every outcome measure than did personal demographic factors and work situation characteristics. Threats to job security were generally associated with negative work attitudes and satisfactions, levels of psychological well-being and perceptions of hospital functioning. Some suggestions for more successful approaches to cost reductions are offered.     

社会失范:城市农民工的游民化倾向--武汉市农民工游民化问题调查

巨大的民工潮是中国步入现代化过程中的一道独特的风景线.由于社会转型期二元性特征即传统因素和现代因素同时并存,从而导致社会失范现象的大量出现.农民工游民化作为社会失范现象的典型体现,又成为社会各界关注的焦点.农民工在城市人口中所占的比例日益扩大.以武汉市洪山区为例,据洪山区综治办2000年5月至6月的调查,洪山区现有外来民工30685人.为此,本文以武汉市洪山区500名外来民工为例,着重分析进城农民工产生游民化的机理,并找出解决对策,与大家共同探讨维护城市社会安定的良策.     

英国城市复兴中的合作伙伴组织

合作伙伴组织作为英国城市复兴的主要组织形式,为城市复兴做出了积极贡献。组织的包容性、人力资源、工作文化等是影响其成效的具体因素。我国的城市建设和治理可以从中得到启示,在政府现代化、政府与市民社会的合作以及将社区等机构纳入合作伙伴组织方面有所作为。     

中国古代城市取物比类文化现象透视

中国古代城市具有丰富的文化内涵,在古代城市的建设中,人们往往通过特定的设计或进行比附,使城市体现出某种事物形象,来表达人们对城市的良好祝愿.本文具体阐述了中国古代城市在规划建设中所体现出来的这种文化现象.     

Validation and measurement invariance of the multidimensional qualitative job insecurity scale

This contribution introduces the Multidimensional Qualitative Job Insecurity Scale (MQJIS). Drawing from the qualitative job insecurity literature and addressing some of other scales’ limitations, a multidimensional model is proposed and investigated by means of confirmatory factor analysis and multilevel confirmatory factor analysis. Study 1 aims to explore the psychometric properties and factorial structure of MQJIS in an Italian sample of blue-collar workers (N?=?583), showing that a model with one higher-order factor (i.e., qualitative job insecurity) and four dimensions (i.e., social relationships, employment conditions, working conditions, and work content) shows a good fit to the data and good reliability indices. Study 2 aims to investigate MQJIS measurement invariance across several groups, based on country of origin, age, and gender. Results on a sample of Belgian and Italian workers (N?=?710) show that MQJIS met the criteria for uniqueness invariance across genders and scalar invariance across countries and age groups. Significance, implications, and future directions stemming from the initial validation and the confirmed measurement invariance of this scale are discussed.

     

“绿色北京”:文明城市建设的新实践

绿色北京是北京市总结绿色奥运经验,拓展未来城市环境发展的重大战略措施。阐述了绿色北京的内涵、行动目标、保障措施,揭示出绿色北京是北京建设国际大都市、宜居城市的更高标准和宏大愿景,是坚持人与自然和谐发展,走可持续发展道路的具体行动。在生态城市成为世界城市发展又一追求目标的背景下,从文明城市建设的角度阐述了生态文明在文明城市建设中的突出地位,认为绿色北京不仅将推进首都文明城市的建设,也将丰富文明城市创建的理论和实践。     

论我国城市房屋拆迁制度的完善

文章通过对当前城市房屋拆迁中存在的问题进行分析,提出了完善拆迁制度的设想,旨在通过规范拆迁对象、许可、程序、评估、补偿,建立社会影响评估、拆迁社会保障体系,完善权利救济监督制度等一系列措施,化解城市拆迁矛盾,真正使拆迁走上"公平、正义、效率"的轨道.