Financial intermediation with credit constrained agents

This paper studies the effects of financial intermediation on aggregate levels and the distribution of resources in an economy with credit-constrained heterogeneous agents and occupational choice. Whether an agent becomes an entrepreneur depends on a realized entrepreneurial ability and accumulated assets needed to finance a business project with uncertain returns. I compare a steady state of an economy with financial intermediation to an economy in which entrepreneurs must finance their projects only from their savings. The simulated economy with financial intermediation matches well the US data on the distribution of occupations and resources. The steady state welfare and efficiency gains from financial intermediation are large.     

The sources of contagion risk in a banking sector with foreign ownership

Foreign-dominated banking sectors, such as those prevalent in Central and Eastern Europe, are susceptible to two major sources of systemic risk: (i) linkages between local banks and (ii) linkages between a foreign parent bank and its local subsidiary. During and after the global financial crisis, the second source of risk has been stressed by local regulators. Using a nonparametric method based on extreme value theory, we analyze interdependencies in downward risk in the banking sectors of the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, and Turkey during 1994–2013. We find that the risk of contagion from a foreign parent bank to its local subsidiary is substantially smaller than the risk between two local banks.     

Asymmetric information, financial intermediation, and business cycles

Summary. This incorporates a debt contracting problem with asymmetric information into a standard monetary business cycle model. The model incorporates a limited participation assumption in order to induce a liquidity effect of monetary shocks and propagate monetary disturbances. The model economy shows that a positive money supply shock generates a decrease in nominal interest rates and an increase in output level. Asymmetric information amplifies the response of capital to the money supply shock, but does not propagate them in other ways. When the monetary shock is an innovation in reserve requirements, it induces a persistent response of the economy. Received: March 20, 1998; revised version: 1 April 1998     

Financial intermediation and fragility: the role of the periphery

A peculiar feature of the present international economy is that the leading ‘hegemonic’ country, USA, has a large and mounting external deficit which it finances by issuing debt in its own currency. The US can be seen to be at the apex of a pattern of triangular payments recycling the surpluses of creditor countries to debtor countries in the periphery. The paper shows, within a stock‐flow‐consistent framework, how capital flight from debtor periphery countries, by precipitating a shift from assets denominated in domestic currency to those denominated in dollars, acts like a safety valve for the international monetary system.     

中国金融脱媒度量及国际比较

本文采用中介化比率和证券化比率两套指标体系从银行、金融部门两个层次以及资产和负债两个方向度量了1978-2007年中国的金融脱媒,并与美国、日本同期的金融脱媒指标进行了比较。结果表明:(1)我国银行业的金融脱媒将贯穿于金融市场发展的整个过程中;(2)中国金融部门的资产方很可能会出现一个中介化比例先下降,之后回调上升的过程,但回调到什么点是有待检验的问题;(3)我国非银行金融机构在吸纳资金、提供资金两方面都的作用都不明显,但考虑到我国在金融市场发展的阶梯上仍处于较低的阶段,未来我国非银行金融机构在吸纳经济中的盈余资金上可能会具有较大的潜力。     

Financial intermediation and growth: causality and causes without outliers

In a seminal paper, Levine et al. (J Monet Econ 46:31–77, 2000) provide cross-sectional evidence showing that financial development has positive average impact on long-run growth, using a sample of 71 countries. We argue that the evidence is sensitive to the presence of outliers.

金融发展与经济增长:从动员性扩张向市场配置的转变

本报告在回顾中国金融体制结构与经济增长特征的基础上,运用干中学的信用扩张模型,结合开放经济中平衡信贷规模扩张与通货膨胀机制的探讨,揭示出中国高速经济增长中的货币、金融政策的特定制度安排。本报告认为,这样的制度安排可以有效解释中国转轨时期的高增长和低通胀,同时指出该制度作用下所存在的成本和风险,并提出从动员型金融向市场配置型金融转型的相应对策。     

The impact of formal financial inclusion on informal financial intermediation and cash preference: evidence from Africa

This paper examines the effect of formal financial intermediation (inclusion) on informal financial intermediation and the use of cash for economic activities. Using data from the Global Findex 2014, we examine whether the use of formal financial intermediaries reduces cash preference and the use of informal financial intermediaries. Our empirical results show that informal financial intermediation is positively associated with formal financial inclusion. This indicates that the relationship between informal and formal financial intermediation is complementary rather than a trade-off, which demonstrates the importance of informal finance plays in the financial system of Africa. Moreover, the use of formal financial intermediaries significantly reduces the preference for holding cash, implying that a robust financial system infrastructure has the potential of mobilizing excess liquidity in the informal economy of Africa for growth and development.     

银行业金融产品创新：现状、效应与策略

对于本次危机的根源,国内外学者比较一致的观点是,金融创新过度而缺乏相应的风险防范机制。在中国金融业全面开放创新的背景下,如何借鉴危机前后国外银行业金融创新的经验和教训,促进中国银行业金融创新更好、更快的发展,具有重要的理论和实践意义。本文首先基于利率、汇率市场化进程加快,城镇居民收入水平提高,金融脱媒以及银行资本约束等动因视角详细分析了我国银行业金融产品创新的现状,在此基础上,对我国银行业金融创新的积极效应进行分析,如缓解期限错配现象、加强风险管理能力,提高资本充足率、加强市场约束,增加中间业务收入,推动利率和汇率市场化等。最后,本文提出了进一步提升我国银行业金融产品创新的策略,其中包括：金融创新必须注重风险防范、实施混业经营,促进金融创新、实施金融创新由外力推动向内部驱动转变等。     

Intellectual capital and firm performance: evidence from Indian banking sector

In the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, the entire Indian banking industry was paralysed and their performance was shattered by the unfolding of enormous cases of Non-performing Assets (NPA). The study estimates the operating efficiency of 40 Indian banks for 5 years (2011–15) as a proxy of performance measure using the output-oriented DEA-BCC model. We find that nearly 62% of the state-owned banks and 47% of the private banks are inefficient indicating that the inefficient banks need to reduce their inputs or improve their output to become efficient. The study further investigates the relationship between intellectual capital (IC) and bank performance using a truncated regression model. The regression results show that out of the three components of intellectual capital, only human capital efficiency is positively and significantly associated with operational efficiency while structural capital and finance capital have a negative impact on the efficiency of banks. The study concludes that to achieve competitive edge banks should invest in their human capital. The results are robust in the case of financial variables taken as a proxy for performance.     

Time varying CAPM betas and banking sector risk

This paper employs the [Bai and Perron, 1998] and [Bai and Perron, 2003] structural break methodology to investigate whether the CAPM betas for banking sector stocks are time invariant. I find evidence for three large structural shifts in my monthly (1941.02-2008.01) sample. The third break corresponds with a decline in the perceived riskiness of banking stocks in the period starting in 2000.04. The banking sector was thus priced to be less risky during the period associated with rising leverage and financial sector risk.     

Financial intermediation and entry-deterrence

Summary. In this paper, we analyze the interaction between an incumbent's financial contract with a bank and its product market decisions in the face of a threat of entry, in a dynamic model with asymmetric information. The main results of the paper are: there exists a separating equilibrium with no limit pricing; the low-cost incumbent repays more to the bank in the first period due to the threat of entry; and there are parameter values for which the bank makes more profits with the threat of entry than without. Received: July 19, 2002; revised version: December 4, 2002 Correspondence to: N. Jain     

退市金融机构员工安置问题探讨

员工遣散安置是金融机构市场退出过程中的重要内容之一.员工安置工作关系到社会稳定,涉及面广,政策性强,其成功与否直接影响金融机构市场退出进程的顺利推进.由于相关法律法规不健全,员工安置常常缺乏明确的政策依据和规范的操作程序,处在边实践边摸索的阶段.近年来退市金融机构员工安置的实践表明,退市金融机构员工安置的法律法规政策适用、具体实践操作、存在问题以及发展方向等均值得探讨.     

Free banking and the stability of early joint-stock banking

Proponents of free banking argue that systems adopting theirpolicies will be stable. In this paper, we present evidencesuggesting that, in general, early joint-stock banking systemsdid not adopt free banking, and those that did proved to beunstable. In particular, we demonstrate that those systems imposingregulations were generally stable. We rationalise the successof regulation as a pragmatic solution to the time-inconsistencyproblem arising from the peculiar nature of the banking firm.Notably, we find that the ‘golden age’ of free bankingstability can be attributed to restrictions on the organisationalform of the early banking firm.     

市场风险与信用风险:风险管理中存在的悖论

利率、汇率波动的加剧,使金融衍生市场的风险成为影响金融体系稳定运行的最重要因素之一。在金融风险定价理论和资产组合技术的支持下,金融衍生工具已成为防范基础性金融风险的有效工具。但金融衍生工具在用于金融风险管理中也存在市场风险、信用风险、流动性风险等基本金融风险。不仅存在着市场风险与信用风险的替代性,还存在着加大金融风险总量的可能。金融风险管理的实质是寻求风险损失与风险收益的平衡。     

滨海新区离岸金融市场运行状况及法制建设初探

离岸金融市场建立和发展有赖于相关法律制度的保障.应根据我国及天津离岸金融业务现状特点,分析我国离岸金融市场法制建设所面临的问题,并就如何建立和完善我国离岸金融市场法制建设进行研究,是具现实意义的.     

Bank's capital structure under non-diversifiable risk

Summary. The aim of this paper is to study the design of optimal capital structure of a “large” intermediary when the intermediary faces a non-diversifiable risk, within the standard costly-state-verification (CSV) model. I demonstrate that, under weaker conditions, a “large” intermediary realizes more efficient allocation by issuing both debt and equity than by issuing only debt. Unlike Diamond (1984) and Williamson (1986), the set of optimal contracts involves ex ante monitoring made by shareholders of the intermediary. Changes in parameters, such as the variance of the aggregate risk or the cost of monitoring, affect bankruptcy costs and the capital structure. Received: October 12, 1998; revised version: March 20, 2001     

Financial deregulation and productivity growth in banking sector: empirical evidence from Bangladesh

This article examines the effects of regulatory reform on productivity growth in the Bangladesh banking industry. We use a unique balanced panel dataset comprising bank-level annual data from the early deregulation year (1984) to the most recent available period (2012) from major commercial banks in Bangladesh. Applying the Färe-Primont index, the paper provides estimates of productivity growth and identifies sources of total factor productivity (TFP) change. Empirical results show the sample banks have experienced positive TFP change after the financial deregulation. On average, TFP growth is higher in private banks than their public sector counterparts in the post-reform period. In addition, the decomposition analysis shows technological progress is the main driver of productivity change. Similar results are obtained by using the stochastic frontier analysis (SFA). Thus, empirical results remain robust irrespective of the methodology used. The regression analysis finds a positive technical change in the first stage of the reform program, i.e. during the transition period, as leading banks employ advanced technology to compete with potential new entrants. The result also shows that the banking industry still remains concentrated within the state-owned banks.     

中国金融工具非市场定价的效应分析

金融工具非市场定价是金融抑制的主要表现形式 ,它在某种程度上促进了我国的金融深化和经济增长 ,但这种金融深化效应和经济增长效应是以经济货币化过程中的金融虚化以及牺牲非国有经济的快速发展为代价的。随着中国金融对外开放的进程加快 ,金融工具非市场定价的边际成本将大于其边际收益 ,金融工具非市场定价转为金融工具市场定价也就成为历史的必然。     

社会信用文化、金融体系结构与金融业组织形式

本文以银行业绩效为依托,纳入社会信用文化这一新的影响因子,试图在一个更广阔的层面上综合考察决定金融业绩效的各种因素,并尝试在这一过程中探求社会信用文化、金融体系结构和金融业组织形式及其绩效表现之间的内在联系机制。实证结果表明,社会信用文化对金融体系的效率和金融体系结构的选择具有重要影响,而法律传统、政府治理及管理能力也在金融体系结构和金融业组织形式的选择上起着重要作用,并最终影响到金融业运行效率。