进一步改革外贸经营制度,放开外贸经营权

<正> 所谓外贸经营制度,在我国首先是指谁有资格经营外贸。我国之所以实行外贸经营权的资格许可,是因为作为正在开放中的发展中国家对国际市场规律了解不多,自负盈亏机制还有待完善而不得不采取的加强外贸宏观管理的一项重要的过渡性措施。在贸易立法健全和市场体制发育成熟的国家,不存在资格许可问题。我国目前也只是作为过渡而将来要逐步取消这种制度。因为,作为一种经济行为,在市场经济中,外贸经营应与其他经济活动一样,是一种自由竞争的自主     

外贸经营权完全放开的意义和问题探讨

修订后的《中华人民共和国对外贸易法》和《对外贸易经营备案登记办法》的颁布和实施标志着我国对外贸易经营权的完全放开。我国外贸体制改革的这一重大突破对我国对外贸易的发展有着重要意义。但也有一些问题值得进一步探讨。     

论我国对外贸易经营权基本放开后带来的活力和亟待解决的问题

外贸经营权最初是国企的特权，发展到今天，个人只要符合要求也可获得，已基本放开。本将对由此带来的活力及产生的亟待解决的问题做如下分析，以期有关部门加以注意。     

循序渐进的放权：中国加入世贸组织与外贸经营权

放开外贸经营权一方面是我国 加入世贸组织必须履行的基本义务,另一方面也是我国经济体制从计划经济向市场经济体制转变的必然趋势,是中国经济与世界经济相互融合,国内市场与国际市场互接互补的实际需要。当然中国作为一个经济体制转轨的国家,放开外贸经营权只能是逐步渐进的,任何简单激烈的“休克疗法”和快速生硬的“一步到位”不仅无助于中国外贸经营权的改革,而且只能造成外贸经营体制的混乱,给我国国民经济稳定健康持续的发展带来不应有的负面影响。放开外贸经营权必须有一个合理的过渡期,以便能使国内各类外贸企业和行政管理部门适应这一转变。     

外贸经营权改革与外贸经营主体的变化

改革开放以来,随着对外贸易经营权的放开,外贸经营主体日趋多元化。受各种因素的制约,各类外贸企业在我国对外贸易中的地位出现了此消彼长的变化。在“依法登记,公平竞争”的新型外贸经营权制度下,应采取相应的措施,最大限度地发挥各类企业发展对外贸易的潜力,积极培育我国对外贸易的核心竞争力。     

窥民企外贸生存状态——东莞外贸的前世今生

资深人士认为，民营进出口的高速增长，有70％来自改制企业市场份额的转移，而民营企业的自然增长的贡献约为30％。     

我国民营企业直接融资的制度性障碍

在我国经济的发展过程中,民营企业的发展起着极其重要的作用。但民营企业的融资难问题直接影响着民营企业的生存。民营企业不仅在间接融资市场上受到信贷配给限制,而且其直接融资发展也很缓慢。我国民营企业直接融资遇到的障碍,是一种制度性障碍。这种障碍的深层次根源在于我国证券市场制度的变迁动力、方式和路径。因此,民营企业直接融资的发展需要证券市场的制度创新。     

浅析外贸企业出口收汇风险的防范

及时、安全和足额出口收汇既是外贸企业发展的重要保证，也是我国外经贸事业健康发展的重要标志。针对目前我国出口收汇中存在的较高欠款、坏账，作者提出了应加强对进口商资信调查研究，建立出口信用风险管理体制；选择合理的国际结算方式；通过国际保理业务；以及投保出口信用保险来降低和规避出口收汇风险，尽量减少坏账、欠款的发生，从而提高出口收汇质量。     

中国经济强大了,为什么中国的企业没有强大?

中国的经济自从上世纪80年代起飞以来,每年平均以8%～9%的速度高速增长,成为当今世界经济中的一个亮丽的风景线。但是,走进中国经济,我们却惊讶地发现,中国企业的成长并不像它的经济增长那样耀眼,相反,在中国经济保持高速增长的同时,中国企业的经营状况总体上却每况愈下,与经济的高速增长形成了非常不协调的局面。为什么会这样?我们从两方面来探讨。第一,既然中国的企业表现不佳,或者说微观经济层面长期存在着严重的低效率问题,那么中国的经济增长何以能表现甚佳?第二,既然20年来中国的经济实现了高速增长,那么,为什么中国的企业却一直表现…     

中国企业的学习型组织文化:基于人口统计变量、企业属性、工作满意度和组织绩效的实证分析

By using a Western concept—the instrument called dimensions of learning organization questionnaire (DLOQ), and the data collected from 919 employees in nine companies located in Guangdong Province, China, the present empirical study explores the culture of learning organizations in Chinese business settings. Findings suggest that the DLOQ is applicable to the context of China as well, and those demographic variables, such as age and educational level, together with the types of ownership of Chinese companies, such as state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and privately-owned enterprises (POEs), suggest differences in the culture of learning organizations. Results also indicate that the learning organization culture of a firm has strongly positive impact on employees’ job satisfaction and perceived organizational performance. Two implications should be noted. First, as employees in middle age and with college education show the strongest sense of improving the learning culture, it can be inferred that demographic characters and groups may influence the organization’s learning culture differently. Second, as POEs have a better learning atmosphere than SOEs, it can be inferred that POEs have a stronger competitiveness than SOEs in terms of learning ability and organizational performance. To indigenize the Western construct and instrument of learning organizations, the present study, as an exploratory research, gives substantial knowledge on the subject and seeks to fill the gap in the literature, despite the limitations of cultural nuances and a narrowly-concentrated sample.     

The evolution of trading activity in Asian foreign exchange markets

We exploit previously unpublished data on foreign exchange turnover to analyse the institutional setting in which the currencies of non-Japan Asia are traded. Volumes grew rapidly between 2004 and 2007 and the diversity of market participants increased. Nevertheless, liquidity is undermined by foreign exchange controls. For Asian currencies other than JPY, HKD and SGD, non-residents account for a relatively small share of activity and FX swap markets are still in their infancy. Offshore non-deliverable markets have developed in response to controls, causing segmentation in trading activity. Furthermore, Herstatt risk remains high in Asian foreign exchange markets.     

Institutional logics and social enterprises: Entry mode choices of foreign hospitals in China

When social enterprises, being defined by their social mission and profitability, internationalize, they need to respond to institutional logics in the host country. By juxtaposing institutional logic and entry mode choice literature, this paper shows how social enterprises accommodate different institutional logics when they enter foreign markets. We collected data on Chinese healthcare reform, governmental policies and their changes, and conducted 36 in-depth interviews and three expert group meetings. By analyzing five non-Chinese hospitals entering China, we show how social enterprises, as hybrid organizations, respond to governmental, commercial, and social institutional logics, when entering a foreign market.     

The impact of foreign ownership,local ownership and industry characteristics on spillover benefits from foreign direct investment in China

This paper finds that significant variation in FDI spillover effects on local industry is obscured through the aggregation common in most studies. Breaking Chinese industrial data for 2001 down by category of ownership of foreign investor, local firm, and by host industry, we find evidence of greater positive spillovers from FDI in technology-intensive industries than in labour-intensive industries. We also find that overseas Chinese affiliates from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan (HMT) generate spillovers to locally owned enterprises (LOEs) in labour-intensive industries, in contrast to western affiliates, which positively impact on the performance of LOEs in technology-intensive industries. Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) benefit from the presence of both HMT affiliates in labour-intensive industries and of western affiliates in technology-intensive industries. Other LOEs (OLOEs), however, benefit only from HMT affiliates’ presence in labour-intensive industries. These findings offer some support to host government policies offering generous incentive packages to attract foreign investors in high-technology industries. We find that some aspects of China's status as a transition economy—for example the considerable resources and effective control deployed by the state and SOEs—has helped its development process; however we argue that it is possible for non-transition developing economies to implement similar policies.     

释疑外商并购问题

外商并购涉及多方面的问题,外经贸部正会同有关部门研制一个比较完善的外商并购法规,并已有初步方案。外商并购的立法情况怎样? 答当今国际投资的最主要特征就是大量的并购,几百亿美元的并购已习以