International Telecom Settlements: Gaming Incentives, Carrier Alliances and Pareto-Superior Reform

Liberalized countries that allow competition in international telecommunications favor traffic re-routing practices as arbitrage against foreign monopolists. This view is seriously incomplete. Monopolists, allied with carriers in liberalized countries, can use these practices to reduce termination payments to nonalliance carriersöthereby harming also consumers in liberalized countriesöby gaming regulations that require equal termination rates at both ends and 'proportional return' (the monopolist's traffic is allocated among carriers in proportion to their shares of traffic to its country). We also present a simple bilateral settlements reform that eliminates gaming incentives and other proportional-return distortions, yet benefits both countries.     

Privatization and telephone numbers

This report is the Rapporteur's personal impression of the presentations given at the World Privatization of Telecommunications Conference in Amsterdam, 23–24 June 1992. It includes some commentary of his own.     

Relationships between innovation stimulus, innovation capacity, and innovation performance

This paper examines the integration of the human and technological aspects of innovation management by modelling the innovation stimulus – innovation capacity relationship in determining innovation performance. The research framework developed in this study was tested amongst 194 managers of Australian firms. The survey responses indicate that both the relationships between innovation stimulus and innovation capacity and between innovation capacity and innovation performance are significant and strong. However, innovation stimulus does not show any direct effect on innovation performance, suggesting that its effect is mediated through innovation capacity. The overall practical implication that can be drawn from the findings is that to achieve high innovation performance, organizations first need to develop the behavioural and cultural context and practices for innovation (i.e. stimulus), and only within such conducive environments is it possible for organizations to develop innovative capacity in research and development and technology so as to more effectively deliver innovation outcomes and performance.     

新型钢板螺栓连接装配式混凝土剪力墙抗震性能研究

为解决目前装配式剪力墙水平缝常用的套筒灌浆连接存在注浆不易、钢筋不易对齐等问题,提出了一种新型钢板螺栓连接装配式混凝土剪力墙结构,并采用有限元软件分析其抗震性能。依据试验工况建立了螺栓连接装配式剪力墙（PSW-1）、新型钢板螺栓连接装配式剪力墙（PSW-2）、普通现浇墙（SW-1）3个有限元模型,并分析了不同轴压比及剪跨比对试件PSW-2抗震性能的影响。结果表明：试件PSW-2承载力随轴压比增大而提高,随剪跨比增大而降低;试件PSW-2的耗能能力相比试件PSW-1,SW-1分别提高了31%,16%,延性分别提高了8%,14%,因此,在混凝土剪力墙中预埋钢板,可有效提高混凝土剪力墙的耗能能力和延性。研究结果得到了新型装配式混凝土剪力墙的部分抗震性能指标,可为其在实际工程中的应用提供一定的参考。     

Opportunity costs,industry dynamics,and corporate diversification: Evidence from the cardiovascular medical device industry, 1976–2004

This paper examines how demand conditions across alternative markets impact diversification decisions and firm performance by influencing the opportunity costs of deploying non‐scale free capabilities. Using data within the cardiovascular medical device industry, this study shows that: (1) firms with a larger stock of pre‐entry innovation experience are more likely to diversify; (2) firms in a current market with greater relative demand maturity are more likely to diversify; (3) diversification is associated with a performance decrease in the current market; and (4) diversification is associated with a performance increase at the corporate level. These findings shed new light on the self‐selection process of corporate scope, the conceptualization of firm capabilities, and the connection between industry dynamics and resource deployment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Teachers’ Unions,Compensation, and Tenure

In this paper I show that school districts in which teachers negotiate via collective bargaining have greater returns to experience and grant tenure earlier than districts without collective bargaining. Districts that are unionized, either with or without legal collective bargaining protections, have higher returns to degrees and higher starting salaries than districts without a union. Unionization is not strongly correlated with the existence of output‐based pay for performance but is correlated with the use of output‐based measures in tenure decisions. Unionization is positively correlated with the number of junior teachers dismissed for poor performance but not strongly correlated with the number of senior teachers dismissed for poor performance.     

The effects of knowledge attribute, alliance characteristics, and absorptive capacity on knowledge transfer performance

The main purpose of this study is to examine the effects of knowledge attribute, alliance characteristics, and firm's absorptive capacity on the performance of knowledge transfer. Regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses in a sample of 137 alliance cases. The findings suggest that knowledge transfer performance is positively affected by the explicitness of knowledge and firm's absorptive capacity; that equity-based alliance will transfer tacit knowledge more effectively while contract-base alliance is more effective for the transfer of explicit knowledge; and that trust and adjustment have positive effects while conflict possesses a curvilinear effect on knowledge transfer performance.     

TP-JC螺纹油管现场试验评价与运用

对TP-JC油管接头进行了抗黏扣性能、抗拉强度和液体密封、气密封性能现场试验和现场操作试验评价。现场试验评价结果表明:①Φ88.9mm×6.45mm TP-JC螺纹油管能保证API推荐的上卸扣4次的要求,抗黏扣性能优于外加厚圆螺纹;②Φ88.9mm×6.45mm TP-JC螺纹油管的抗拉强度和液体密封性能不低于外加厚圆螺纹;③Φ88.9mm×6.45mm TP-JC螺纹油管在77MPa的压力下泄漏率为2%,在50MPa压力下具备气密封能力,可以满足低压气井的使用要求;④TP-JC螺纹油管对现场施工操作的要求与外加厚油管螺纹相同,且更易认扣、操作方便。     

Strategy,strategy-making,and performance in a business game

In a recent study, Segev (1987) examined the relationships among strategy, strategy-making, and performance, focusing on the connection between two important typologies: Miles and Snow's (1978) concept of strategic types and Mintzberg's (1973) concept of strategy-making modes. The findings of that study clearly indicated links between the two, and partially supported propositions asserting the effects of the strategy/stategy-making fit on organizational performance. In the current study a business game served as the vehicle for examining this tripartite relationship. The two typologies were applied to the firms' in the game, and then an inquiry was made into the relationships between them. An hypothesis regarding the effect of fit on performance was tested, and the findings compared with previously reported empirical results.     

MNC strategies,exogenous shocks,and performance outcomes

This paper examines the effect of international diversification on multinational corporation (MNC) performance in the face of exogenous shocks in the global business environment, and the extent to which MNCs' internationalization aids or impedes post‐shock performance. We use the September 11, 2001 attacks as a research setting to investigate the relationship between international diversification and MNC performance after a sudden change in the environment. The empirical tests on a sample of 191 U.S. MNCs and a matched sample of non‐U.S. MNCs indicate that the level of pre‐September 11 international diversification is negatively correlated with immediate cumulative abnormal returns to shares, but positively correlated with longer‐term performance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Absorptive capacity,learning, and performance in international joint ventures

This paper proposes and tests a model of IJV learning and performance that segments absorptive capacity into the three components originally proposed by Cohen and Levinthal (1990). First, trust between an IJV's parents and the IJV's relative absorptive capacity with its foreign parent are suggested to influence its ability to understand new knowledge held by foreign parents. Second, an IJV's learning structures and processes are proposed to influence its ability to assimilate new knowledge from those parents. Third, the IJV's strategy and training competence are suggested to shape its ability to apply the assimilated knowledge. Revisiting the Hungarian IJVs studied by Lyles and Salk (1996) 3 years later, we find support for the knowledge understanding and application predictions, and partial support for the knowledge assimilation prediction. Unexpectedly, our results suggest that trust and management support from foreign parents are associated with IJV performance but not learning. Our model and results offer a new perspective on IJV learning and performance as well as initial insights into how those relationships change over time. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

First-mover strategy,resource capacity alignment,and new product performance: a framework for mediation and moderation effects

Based on the competence-based perspective and contingency perspective, this study attempts to examine the relationships among first-mover strategy, a firm's core capacity, resource allocation, and new product performance. Our findings indicate that (1) firms achieve a better new product performance when adopting first-mover strategy and having an excellent core capacity, and (2) firms achieve a better new product performance if their core capacity (technical and managerial) fits the resource allocation they implement. Managerial implications and future research directions are discussed.     

Teams,Autonomy, and the Financial Performance of Firms

I estimate a structural model of teams, autonomy, and financial performance, using a cross section of British establishments. My findings suggest that team production improves financial performance for the typical establishment but that autonomous teams do no better than closely supervised or nonautonomous teams. I find that unobserved factors increasing the propensity to adopt teams are positively correlated with unobserved determinants of financial performance, and that unobserved factors increasing the propensity to grant teams autonomy are negatively correlated with unobserved determinants of financial performance when teams are adopted.     

Technological diversity,related diversification,and firm performance

Previous findings that related diversification creates value have been called into question over concerns about methodology and measures. Reviewing existing theory to consider how a firm's knowledge base interacts with its product market activity, I address several of these concerns by creating a measure of technological diversity based on citation‐weighted patents. The measure indicates a firm's opportunity for corporate diversification based on economies of scope in valuable knowledge assets, is defined for both single‐ and multibusiness firms, and is not correlated with more fundamental aspects of diversification, such as the number of businesses in the corporate portfolio. Evidence from a large sample of firms shows the positive relationship between diversification based on technological diversity and market‐based measures of performance, controlling for R&D intensity and capital intensity as further indicators of the type of assets underlying diversification. Results hold when controlling for the endogeneity of diversification and performance in a cross‐sectional sample or when controlling for unobserved factors using panel data. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

知识距离、吸收能力对产学研合作绩效的影响研究

本文基于产学研合作的研究视角,实证研究产学研合作背景下知识距离、吸收能力与合作绩效之间的关系。研究结果显示,产学研合作背景下知识深度距离对潜在吸收能力有负向影响作用,知识宽度距离对潜在吸收能力有正向影响作用,潜在吸收能力有利于实际吸收能力的提升,组织学习在吸收能力的两个维度间起调节作用,实际吸收能力的提升最终有利于合作绩效的提高。     

连接套动力管钳执行机构设计与性能分析

针对建筑施工中钢筋螺纹连接出现的漏拧或拧紧力矩不准、丝扣松动等现象,研发恒扭矩自动连接钢筋和连接套的动力管钳,并对关键执行机构进行性能分析。利用三维软件UG构建执行机构中开口齿轮、螺旋升角坡轨、腭板和腭板架等零件的三维数字模型;利用ANSYS Workbench软件求解出零件模型在模拟工况下承受极限力时的应力云图和变形云图,并根据计算结果完成关键部件的结构优化,为后续样机的试制提供重要的数据支持。     

Corporate environmental responsibility (CER) weakness,media coverage,and corporate philanthropy: Evidence from China

This study investigates the hidden connection between corporate philanthropy and corporate environmental responsibility (CER) weakness. Using a sample of Chinese listed firms in polluting industries and hand-collected data on corporate environmental performance and corporate philanthropy, we show that CER weakness is significantly positively associated with corporate philanthropy, suggesting that corporate philanthropy may be used by environmentally unfriendly firms to mitigate the negative influence of CER weakness and offset pressures from stakeholders. This finding also implies that Chinese enterprises in polluting industries are inclined to engage in greenwashing via the conduit of corporate philanthropy. In addition, media coverage reinforces the positive association between CER weakness and corporate philanthropy. Above results are still valid after controlling for the potential endogeneity between CER weakness and corporate philanthropy.     

企业社会资本与技术创新：基于吸收能力的实证研究

本文针对我国企业社会资本影响技术创新的机制问题展开分析,从企业社会资本的特征维度出发,引入吸收能力的视角,提出了基于吸收能力的企业社会资本与技术创新绩效的概念模型。在问卷调查的基础上,通过多元线性回归分析和结构方程模型分析,对我国企业社会资本如何影响技术创新的问题进行了实证研究。研究结果表明,在不考虑吸收能力作用的情况下,企业社会资本的结构、关系和认知等三个维度的水平对于我国企业技术创新绩效的提升均具有积极显著的作用;企业社会资本三个特征维度的水平通过提高吸收能力进而正向影响技术创新绩效;其中,认知维度在结构维度和关系维度发挥效应中承担中介变量的作用。为提高企业技术创新绩效,建议以知识的获取和利用为导向,注重企业社会资本三个维度水平的均衡提高。     

Shared knowledge, “glitches,” and product development performance

Much recent thought in strategy has stressed the importance of organizational integration for competitive advantage. Empirical studies of product development have supported this emphasis by correlating integrating practices and superior performance. We propose, from a resource‐based or capability view, that this correlation results from integration leading to patterns of shared knowledge among firm members, with the shared knowledge constituting a resource underlying product development capability. To explore this connection, we examine the product development efforts of a scientific software company. We define the ‘glitch’ as a costly error possible only because knowledge was not shared, and measure the influence of glitches on firm performance. At this company, gaps in shared knowledge did cause the company to incur significant excess costs. We also identify a set of ‘syndromes’ that can lead to glitches, and measure the relative importance of these syndromes. The glitch concept may offer a general tool for practical measurement of the marginal benefits of shared knowledge. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Political and economic processes in the privatization of the Korea telecommunications industry: A case study of Korea Telecom, 1987–2003

The Korean government completed its privatization of Korea Telecom (KT) in May 2002. Privatization was undertaken at a gradual pace at first mainly because the Korean government did not want to hand over its managerial power to the privatized telecommunications service company, although it announced its plan in 1987. However, the inauguration of the World Trade Organization (WTO) system and the Korean economic crisis of 1997 forced the government to accelerate its full privatization plan. During this process, several main players such as the Korean government, transnational corporations, international organizations, and large domestic conglomerates played important roles. The full privatization of KT is the result of the political, social, and economic demands of these players.