Economic management and organization of Hungarian agriculture

The performance of Hungarian agriculture demonstrates that socialist agriculture in Hungary is able to satisfy the entire food demand of the population and even produce a considerable surplus. An overview of the major characteristics of the Hungarian agricultural system is given. Its performance is analyzed in an international comparison; then its enterprise structure is discussed. The major part of the article deals with the economic management system of Hungarian agriculture and includes a discussion of the main features of present-day agricultural policy and its price and tax system.     

农业比较收益低吗?——基于不同成本收益核算框架的比较分析及政策含义

农业比较收益是涉农领域有待进一步深化研究的基础性问题。本文通过对农产品成本收益核算体系的深入研究,发现基于两种成本核算框架的农业比较收益都不低。因而,简单地认为农业比较收益很低是有失偏颇的。但高农业比较收益与低农民收入存在二元悖论,其根本原因在于农业土地经营规模过小及非充分就业,由此引申的政策含义包括:调整农业补贴政策的具体实施机制;推动土地流转和规模经营。     

西部农网改造工程财务风险的防范与控制

1998年以来的城乡电网改造工程推动了广大城乡的统筹发展,但农网企业的盈利能力和经济效益正不断下滑.尤其是一、二期农网改造工程中的财务风险累积,已成为制约改革进程和电网企业健康发展的重要因素之一.结合西部地区农网企业的实际情况,分析了农网改造中可能存在的各种财务风险,并提出相应的防范和控制措施,希望能对重庆的"全国统筹城乡配套改革试验区"建设有所裨益.     

A neoclassical model of acreage response for labor-intensive agriculture: The case of Egypt

Acreage response studies of both developed and less developed countries have consistently misspecified the neoclassical model of profit maximization by relying onad hoc models which failed to account properly for the effects of input prices, yield changes and total acreage scale. Using Egyptian aggregate time-series data and maximum-likelihood estimation techniques (of dynamic systems), the present study attempts to model and test the full implications of cultivators rational behaviour as well as the technical and institutional peculiarities of Egyptian agriculture, in the spirit of neoclassical production theory. In addition to prices and government controls, the model introduced the wage rate, productivity changes and total agricultural area as determinants of acreage mix; these variables gain special importance (policy-wise) as we deal with the process of agricultural development in LDCs with labor-intensive agriculture. The estimates obtained are remarkably stable, econometrically sound and, as such, are believed to have come closer to avoiding specification bias than previous studies.     

台湾“富丽新农村”和“新农业运动”探析

“富丽新农村”和“新农业运动”是台湾当局整体农业政策的重要组成部分。从历史上看,台湾的农业政策经历过两次根本性调整：一是由实施挤压农业支持工业的政策向工业反哺农业政策的根本性转变;二是由传统农业发展模式向现代农业发展模式（精致农业）的根本性转变。两次根本性转变奠定了台湾农业发展的整体战略思路。富丽新农村和新农业运动是继精致农业后进一步促进农业发展的支农富农举措。本文将通过对富丽新农村和新农业运动实施背景、基本做法的分析,探讨对祖国大陆新农村建设的相关启迪。     

农业多功能性与国际农产品贸易政策改革--兼论我国世贸谈判的应对策略

农业除了生产食物和纤维以外,还在经济、社会和环境等方面具有非商品功能。农业多功能性问题日益受到各国关注。全球经济一体化形势下国际农产品贸易政策改革进程中,对农业多功能问题的争辩体现了农产品进口国与出口国的利益之争。作为一个发展中农业大国,农业经营规模超小型等特点决定了我国在WTO框架下的农产品国际贸易中处于不利地位,因此我国应顺应世界农业功能多元化的潮流,在强调农业食物功能的同时,充分利用“绿箱政策”进行农业生产能力建设,积极发展功能多元化可持续农业。     

Terms-of-trade policy in a model with non-produced means of production

Terms-of-trade policies between agriculture and industry are analysed in a two-sector Sraffian model. If both sectors use only produced means of production and labor, it can be shown that an improvement in agriculture's terms of trade always leads to higher profits in agriculture. However, when non-produced means of production are introduced an exogenous increase in the relative price of agricultural commodities may cause the rate of profit in agriculture to increase, remain constant, or even decrease. Two preconditions are identified for the case in which a favorable movement in agriculture's terms of trade decreases that sector's profit rate. First at least one quality of competitively priced land must be scarce relative to the total output required. Second, the initial, economy-wide rate of profit must be positive. Finally, the effect of an input subsidy used in conjunction with terms-of-trade policy is considered. It is shown that under certain conditions reducing the price of production inputs can also cause profits to fall and rents to rise in agriculture.     

跨国公司农业生物技术垄断、影响及启示

农业生物技术及其产业发展对推动农业现代化,提高农业综合实力及农业可持续发展具有重要意义,但跨国基因巨头的农业生物技术及市场垄断对发展中国家产生了许多负面影响。文章首先概述了农业生物技术跨国企业的发展及世界主要跨国农业生物技术公司;其次,从农业生物技术专利权的垄断和转基因种子市场集中度两个方面对跨国公司的农业生物技术产业垄断进行了经验分析。研究表明,垄断造成对市场价格的操纵,使发展中国家的农民收益减少,同时对发展中国家的粮食安全产生威胁。     

供给侧改革视域下现代农业产业化联合体研究

农业供给侧结构性改革要求创新农业产业化组织形式,现代农业产业化联合体是探索农业产业化组织形式的新成果。农业产业链分工细化、农业技术进步及农产品市场格局转变是联合体产生的3大内在诱因,政策引导、制度规范保障和实践反思是联合体产生的良好制度环境。其运行机制是通过产业联接提升规模集聚效应,通过要素联接保障农产品质量安全,通过利益联接让农民分享产业链收益,进而契合农业供给侧结构性改革的目标与要求。巢湖粮食产业化联合体实证分析表明,联合体实现了粮食产业链各经营主体联接,使品质契合消费者需要,增加了农户收益,降低了农业生产成本,且运行绩效良好。应从培育各类经营主体、催化联接机制和建设政府服务平台等方面促进现代农业产业化联合体发展,使之成为引领农业供给侧结构性改革的重要载体与平台。     

浅析美国农业产业的成功经验

本文研究了美国农业形势,特别是水稻产业的商品经济形势。分析了为实现生产高效率,产品高质量而采用的科学技术和生产集约化形式;为增加农民的收入而采用的农业综合开发利用;为开拓市场而设计的农产品种类;在市场分析的基础上,为实现最大的产品销售利润而形成的农业联合经营组织。通过比较、研究和分析,对中国农产品区域化生产基地,农业综合加工,农业生产规模和农村基础设施建设等方面,提出一些思考和建议,与读者商讨。     

从利益分配角度看农业产业化组织的完善

农业产业化是农村改革的产物,是农业经营制度的又一次创新。农业产业化的目的是为了让农民分享农产品加工和营销过程中的利润,改变农业比较利益低的状况,增加农民的收入。然而由于目前我国的农业产业化组织形式并没有改变农户在农业产业化经营中的劣势地位,无法达到农业产业化经营的目的。为了改变这种状况,我们必须大力发展农村中介组织,提高农民的组织化程度,利用市场经济的手段达到农业产业化经营的目的。     

中国农村经济制度变迁与农业增长——对1978-2004年中国农业增长的实证分析

本文对1978—2004年中国农业增长进行了理论与经验两方面的分析。分析的结果是,在农业生产中实施的不同土地制度对从事农业生产的人们形成不同的激励,而在农业生产和经营中推行的价格、财税制度变革又以形成的利益空间影响从事农业生产和经营的人们的积极性,因此,制度变迁是中国改革开放后农业增长的决定性因素。文章借助计量和统计方法,对1978—2004年不同阶段内农村土地制度和价格、财税制度变化影响农业增长的情况进行了检验,用以说明制度变迁的突出贡献。由此可以建议,应该把农村经济制度创新作为实现农业持续增长的主要思路。     

河北省财政农业支持及其效率机制研究

我国加入WTO后,财政对农业的支持政策应当逐步按照WTO农业条款的要求进行调整。本文着重分析新时期我省在WTO框架下的农业财政支出政策,建议将农业财政支出划分为农业公共性支出、农业调控性支出和农业保护性支出三个部分,不同的部分采用不同的决策方式和支付政策,以提高农业财政资金的使用效率。     

湖北现代农业发展进程中农业高新技术产业发展对策研究

在阐述湖北现代农业发展现状的基础上,从湖北现代农业发展需求角度出发,研究了农业高新技术产业对现代农业发展的支撑作用及其现有产业基础与主要问题。从强化湖北农业高新技术产业顶层设计、完善有利于农业高新技术产业发展的政策体系、推动建立区域农业高新技术产业发展联动机制等方面提出了湖北农业高新技术产业发展对策与思路。     

我国传统农业现代化的困境与路径突破

传统农业向现代农业转变的逻辑起点和经济基础是农业生产发展,然而目前我国农业生产发展内含着多重困境.本文论述了实行农业规模经营和集约经营对我国传统农业改造的作用,分析了我国传统农业现代化过程中面临土地产权制度和农业投资困境的约束,提出了改革农村土地产权制度和合理确定农业投资主体,增加农业投入的路径.     

农业绿色发展指标设计及水平测度

为探究我国及各省份农业绿色发展趋势及现状,科学分析各地区农业绿色发展的优势与困境,基于2008—2018年各省份数据构建了以资源环境绿色、农业经济发展、农业科技发展、农业产出绿色化四位一体的农业绿色发展指标体系,并构建计量模型对各省份农业绿色发展水平进行初步评估。结果表明,自2008年以来农业绿色发展水平稳中向好,全国总体水平逐年提高;农业经济、农业科技发展势头迅猛,农业产出绿色化总体水平较低,农业生态资源环境问题依旧严重;各省份农业绿色发展水平差异较大,但个别省份表现突出,区位差异并不能完全影响农业绿色化水平。建议各级政府健全农业资源监测网络体系与农业资源大环境数据中心,总结各地在生态资源保护治理方面的经验,因地制宜,推进农业绿色化进程。     

System analysis and path choice for modem agricultural development： a case study of Suzhou

From the view of system theory, modern agriculture in a region embodies elements conformity, structure optimization, multi-functionality and sustainable development. This paper first expounds on the relationship among agricultural elements, structure, function and development theoretically, compartmentalizes agriculture types based on human-land elements matching, and depicts the development path of agricultural multi-functionality. it shows that the matching of human-land elements is a key to agricultural types, and the multi-functionality is an indication of agricultural development stages. At last, as a case study of Suzhou in eastern coastal area, the paper analyzes the evolvement situation and developing mechanism and some typical models of modern agriculture which suit to agriculture system evolvement. The results .show that in Suzhou the agriculture productivity, has improved greatly; And along with the agriculture structure optimizing, agriculture function has translated from ＂production ＂ to ＂non- production and production ＂. With simulation of agricultural trend in Suzhou, it is .found that Suzhou has a LP- dependence （labor productivity） on agricultural element, so Suzhou will has much more potential in land productivity. Based on the above analysis on agricultural system, some typical patterns on modern agriculture in Suzhou are brought up, such as export-oriented agriculture, enterprises-leading agriculture, science and technology, parks agriculture, stereoseopic agriculture, and tourism and sightseeing agriculture.     

城乡统筹、农业现代化与农业的内生增长

在统筹城乡发展背景下,农业现代化是农业发展的必由之路。我国农业发展的制约因素决定了中国特色农业现代化的内在要求,即农业比较利益的提升和农业技术的进步。基于内生增长理论的启示意义,我国农业现代化必须通过推进农业内生增长得以实现,并依靠相应的政策措施得到保障。     

土地流转与现代农业综合配套改革——农产品主体功能区建设的启示简

准确厘清土地流转与现代农业发展的内在机制事关“农村集体土地入市”。基于空间经济模型评价土地流转与农业发展绩效,揭示土地流转在现代农业发展中的作用机理,其土地流转规模对稳态下的农业经济发展速度具有重要影响。现代综合配套改革的主要任务之一就是深化土地管理制度改革,规范推进集体经营性建设用地流转,而任务的实施必然需要农产品主产区补偿机制进一步发展和完善。     

Empirical investigation of the agriculture–malnutrition nexus in Africa: Spatial clustering and spillover effects

Many studies have been conducted to examine the direct effect of agriculture on the prevalence of malnutrition; however, there is little solid evidence on spatial spillover effects and much less on the heterogeneous effects stemming from spatial differences in nutritional conditions. We make up this gap by using a dynamic spatial Durbin model to characterize the impact of agricultural productivity on malnutrition in Africa. Our results show that countries in Eastern Africa are more likely to suffer from severe malnutrition than other regions. We find evidence for convergence in agricultural productivity across countries with moderate and high prevalence of malnutrition as disparities in their agricultural productivity narrow down over the sample period. It appears that the negative effect of agriculture on malnutrition is more evident in countries where the prevalence of malnutrition is lower. This implies that agricultural development does not play a substantial role in reducing malnutrition in the worst affected areas. We also report that poor agricultural development can deteriorate the nutritional status among neighboring countries in the short term, consistent with the spatial-locking effect of agriculture.