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1.
Summary Competition authorities are increasingly measuring the effects of their enforcement actions, seeking a robust justification
for the proliferation of competition policy. We highlight the importance of identifying the right counterfactual against which
to measure effects, and set out the relevant categories of costs and benefits. We then explore how a balance can be struck
between the benefits and inherent limitations of these measurement exercises. Relatively crude analyses of cartel action benefits
can be sufficient to achieve public legitimacy for competition policy. Assessing the effects of merger and conduct inquiries
is often ambiguous, but could be used to improve decision-making processes.
Director and Managing Consultant, respectively, at Oxera, Oxford and London. The valuable comments of Fod Barnes, Kerry Hughes
and an anonymous referee are gratefully acknowledged. The opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors alone. 相似文献
2.
The paper provides a closed form solution for the value of a firm which costlessly can change its mode of operation between two activities. The technology is such that production is zero from the inactive production line. In addition we assume that the production potential on any production line is idle when not operated, else the production follows a geometric Brownian motion. Although this framework is rather general, it is motivated by the problem to produce a natural resource located in two separate wells/ores, using a single (flexible) production unit. For what seems to be reasonable parameter values, the flexible unit is seen to achieve a surprisingly large value relative to the value achievable by a comprehensive unit, producing both alternatives simultaneously. In addition it is interesting to note that switching might occur even if the active production line gives the highest immediate income. 相似文献
3.
4.
Gunnar Eliasson 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2011,21(1):121-139
Advanced product development distinguishes itself by being surrounded by a “cloud of technology spillovers” available to external
users in proportion to their competence to commercialize them. The local capacity to commercialize spillovers is experience
based and hence more narrow than the range of innovations. The cloud will therefore be incompletely explored. While the value
of the cloud to society may be greater than the development investment, the value captured by the producer is often not sufficient
to make the product development privately profitable. The producer faces the property rights problem of how to charge for
the dual product it develops, the product itself and as much as possible for the technology cloud. The public and private
customers, however, appreciate the situation differently. While the former appears in the double customer role of being interested in both the product procured and the spillover benefits to society, the latter is not interested in paying
for spillovers that only benefit society. Marketing the product, therefore, involves the ability to present a credible case
for the economic value to society of the spillovers. To do that, a theory is needed that demonstrates both the user value
to the customer, and the entrepreneurial capacity of the economy to commercialize the spillovers. The theoretical argument
is illustrated with the case of downstream industrial business formation around Swedish military aircraft industry. 相似文献
5.
当今,全世界各国家和地区的卫生部门都在借助电子健康,改进他们的卫生系统,使国民或者病人受益.电子健康在这里,是指所有医疗保健方面的信息通讯技术的应用.为了改进医疗健康服务,信息通讯技术在以下三方面有很大的应用:·教育国民和专业人员如何诊治和预防疾病;·公共卫生的监督和规划;·生物医学研究和诊疗常规的知识库管理. 相似文献
6.
Gunnar Breustedt Jörg Müller‐Scheeßel Uwe Latacz‐Lohmann 《Journal of Agricultural Economics》2008,59(2):237-256
This paper explores farmers’ willingness to adopt genetically modified (GM) oilseed rape prior to its commercial release and estimates the ‘demand’ for the new technology. The analysis is based upon choice experiments with 202 German arable farmers. A multinomial probit estimation reveals that GM attributes such as gross margin, expected liability from cross pollination, or flexibility in returning to conventional oilseed rape significantly affect the likelihood of adoption. Neighbouring farmers’ attitudes towards GM cropping and a number of farmer and farm characteristics were also found to be significant determinants of prospective adoption. Demand simulations suggest that adoption rates are very sensitive to the profit difference between GM and non‐GM rape varieties. A monopolistic seed price would substantially reduce demand for the new technology. A monopolistic seed supplier would reap between 45% and 80% of the GM rent, and the deadweight loss of the monopoly would range between 15% and 30% of that rent. The remaining rent for farmers may be too small to outweigh possible producer price discounts resulting from the costs of segregating GM and non‐GM oilseed rape along the supply chain. 相似文献
7.
Ein Fallbeispiel - Frau Schneider erkrankte im Alter von 73 Jahren an einer akuten
myeloischen Leuk?mie (AML). Die eingeleiteten Therapien griffen nicht. Schlie?lich stimmte
sie der Therapiebegrenzung zu. Vor welchen klinischen und normativen Herausforderungen
stand das Behandlungsteam? Welche L?sungsans?tze für das praktische Vorgehen k?nnen
aus diesem Fall geschlussfolgert werden? 相似文献
8.
Permit markets are celebrated as a policy instrument since they allow (i) firms to equalize marginal costs through trade and (ii) the regulator to distribute the burden in a politically desirable way. These two concerns, however, may conflict in a dynamic setting. Anticipating the regulator's future desire to give more permits to firms that appear to need them, firms purchase permits to signal their need. This raises the price above marginal costs and the market becomes inefficient. If the social cost of pollution is high and the government intervenes frequently in the market, the distortions are greater than the gains from trade and non-tradable permits are better. The analysis helps to understand permit markets and how they should be designed. 相似文献
9.
Nadine Grass 《Heilberufe》2010,62(9):18-19
H?ufigkeit, Risikofaktoren, Symptome - Wenn Babys und Kleinkinder die
Nahrungsaufnahme boykottieren, sind die Eltern zurecht besorgt und suchen Hilfe
beim Kinderarzt. Als Risikogruppe gelten insbesondere Frühgeborene. Weshalb
gerade sie betroffen sind, wurde in einer Studie in Gie?en untersucht. 相似文献
10.
We evaluate two main views on pursuing financial stability within a flexible inflation-targeting regime. It appears that potential
gains from an activist or precautionary approach to promoting financial stability are highly shock dependent. We find support
for the conventional view that concern for financial stability generally warrants a longer target horizon for inflation. The
preferred target horizon depends on the financial stability indicator and the shock. An extension of the target horizon favoring
financial stability may contribute to relatively higher variation in inflation and output.
相似文献