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This paper examines the potential contributions of institutional theory and the collective strategies framework to assist managers in emerging industries in developing better means of addressing societal concerns. Lack of understanding and difficulties in communication between companies in the forefront of new technology developments and a society that is concerned about the environment have led to many of the problems facing the biotechnology industry. Measures intended to protect the environment from potential adverse effects have frequently restricted activities in the new biotechnology field, even though scientists are themselves convinced of the safety and control they exert over their new technologies. Collective strategies can be instrumental in stabilising certain aspects of the environment. Proper selection of issues and coordinated action can be helpful to all industry participants by informing public perceptions and government regulations and help insure that major environmental trends will evolve in a manner beneficial to all concerned. 相似文献
3.
Theodore M. Barnhill Jr. Panagiotis Papapanagiotou Liliana Schumacher 《金融市场、机构和票据》2002,11(5):401-443
The banking crises of the ‘90s emphasize the need to model the connections between financial environment volatility and the potential losses faced by financial institutions resulting from correlated market and credit risks. Due to the number of variables that must be modeled and the complexity of the relationships an analytical solution is not feasible. We present here a numerical solution based on a simulation model that explicitly links changes in the relevant variables that characterize the financial environment and the distribution of possible future bank capital ratios. This forward looking quantitative risk assessment methodology allows banks and regulators to identify potential risks before they materialize and make appropriate adjustments to bank portfolio credit qualities, sector and region concentrations, and capital ratios on a bank by bank basis. It also has the potential to be extended so as to assess the risks of correlated failures among a group of financial institutions (i.e., systemic risk analyses). This model was applied by the authors to the study of the risk profile of the largest South African Banks in the context of the Financial System Stability Assessment program undertaken by the IMF in 1999. In the current study, we apply the model to various hypothetical banks operating in the South African financial environment and assess the correlated market and credit risks associated with business lending, mortgage lending, asset and liability maturity matches, foreign lending and borrowing, and direct equity, real estate, and gold investments. It is shown to produce simulated financial environments (interest rates, exchange rates, equity indices, real estate price indices, commodity prices, and economic indicators) that match closely the assumed parameters, and generate reasonable credit transition probabilities and security prices. As expected, the credit quality and diversification characteristics of the loan portfolio, asset and liability maturity mismatches, and financial environment volatility, are shown to interact to determine bank risk levels. We find that the credit quality of a bank's loan portfolio is the most important risk factor. We also show the risk reduction benefits of diversifying the loan portfolio across various sectors and regions of the economy and the importance of accounting for volatility shocks that occur periodically in emerging economies. Banks with high credit risk and concentrated portfolios are shown to have a high risk of failure during periods of financial stress. Alternatively, banks with lower credit risk and broadly diversified loan portfolios across business and mortgage lending are unlikely to fail even during very volatile periods. Asset and liability maturity mismatches generally increase bank risk levels. However, because credit losses are positively correlated with interest rate increases, banks with high credit risk may reduce overall risk levels by holding liabilities with longer maturities than their assets. Risk assessment methodologies which measure market and credit risk separately do not capture these various interactions and thus misestimate overall risk levels. 相似文献
4.
A bstract . The spirit of capitalism arose not from a change in religion, as Max Weber claims, but from a break in the philosophic tradition that was initiated by Machiavelli , whose economic consequences were spelled out by the Neapolitan Antonio Serra in a path breaking treatise of 1613. Serra called for an active government promoting manufacturing enterprises that would enjoy ever advancing technology and indefinite declines in unit costs. A newly-structured market economy would guarantee an ever-growing consumer basket in an acquisitive system centered in self advantage, national and individual, pursued in independence of traditional moral restraints on avarice. Writing in jail, Serra advances his new and anti-scholastic ideas with great discretion for fear of persecution by political and ecclesiastical authorities who were, at the time, against innovation of all kinds. 相似文献
5.
W. Theodore Cummings Donald W. Jackson Lonnie L. Ostrom 《Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science》1989,17(2):147-156
The product management form of organization has been around for quite a while; yet little empirical research has been done
on product managers. This article reports a study of product managers and some organizational behavior factors which contribute
to their job satisfaction and job performance. These factors include centralization of decision making, job structure, job
scope, role ambiguity, and role conflict. Finally, several suggestions are made for creating an environment more conductive
to having product managers who are satisfied with their jobs. 相似文献
6.
H.?Kent?BakerEmail author Gary?E.?Powell E.?Theodore?Veit 《Journal of Economics and Finance》2002,26(3):267-283
We survey managers of Nasdaq firms that consistently pay cash dividends to determine their views about dividend policy, the
relationship between dividend policy and value, and four common explanations for paying dividends. The evidence shows that
managers stress the importance of maintaining dividend continuity and widely agree that changes in dividends affect firm value.
Managers give the strongest support to a signaling explanation for paying dividends, weak to little support for the tax-preference
and agency cost explanations, and no support to the bird-in-the-hand explanation. The study provides new evidence about how
managers view dividend life cycles and residual dividend policy.
The authors would like to thank two anonymous referees for helpful comments and suggestions, and Maheshan Fernando and Sumeet
Chawla for providing research assistance. 相似文献
7.
8.
Daniel A. Pellathy Diane A. Mollenkopf Theodore P. Stank Chad W. Autry 《Journal of Business Logistics》2019,40(2):81-104
The centrality of cross‐functional integration (CFI) to supply chain theory and practice has long been recognized. Yet researchers continue to struggle with consistently defining or measuring the CFI construct, thus limiting the utility of CFI research. This research develops (1) a comprehensive definition of CFI that synthesizes previous supply chain research and (2) a valid set of scale items that measure the conceptual domain outlined by this definition. The goal is to build a common foundation for extending knowledge on CFI's antecedents and consequences, and ultimately to improve scholars’ ability to guide a broader practitioner community still struggling to achieve integration in their organizations. 相似文献
9.
10.
In this paper, we test for the stationarity of European Union budget deficits over the period 1971–2006, using a panel of
thirteen member countries. Our testing strategy addresses two key concerns with regard to unit root panel data testing, namely
(1) the presence of cross-sectional dependence among the countries in the panel and (2) the identification of potential structural
breaks that might have occurred at different points in time. To address these concerns, we employ an AR-based bootstrap approach
that allows us to test the null hypothesis of joint stationarity with endogenously determined structural breaks. In contrast
to the existing literature, we find that the EU countries considered are characterised by fiscal stationarity over the full
sample period irrespective of us allowing for structural breaks. This conclusion also holds when analysing sub-periods based
on before and after the Maastricht treaty. 相似文献