A note on how to measure hubbing practices in airline networks

Benefits and costs associated to hubbing practices of airlines are still subject to much debate. In the previous literature, some standard spatial concentration indices have been proposed to measure it. However, we show that these indices are “ill-defined” because they do not take into account the salient characteristic of hubbing: connecting passengers. The purpose of this research is to present a new methodology which avoids the pitfalls of other methods. Our new methodology also analyzes the level of concentration of the connecting passengers studying two different dimensions: hub airports and routes. Finally, we apply our methodology to some US carriers.     

经济法视域下低碳经济的保障与发展——迈向低碳经济法的多维进路

低碳经济因全球变暖、自然资源过度消耗、碳过度排放、水污染、大气污染等问题而受到关注.低碳经济、绿色金融是迈向美丽中国的重要进路,但目前我国没有专门针对低碳经济的规则立法,仍存在低碳经济法律制度分散、可操作性不强、执法力度不足等问题.为保障和发展低碳经济,我国应当构建并细化低碳经济法律规则体系,从执法意识、执法效率、执法监督等多个层面完善低碳经济执法制度,运用激励性规制和抑制性规则双向策略,把低碳要素融入企业行为规制整体框架中.     

信息伦理:数字化生存下的道德新知

站在21世纪的地平线上审视网络技术的发展，人们在看到网络的巨大力量和灿烂前景的同时，也感受到了这一技术所馈赠的黑暗的一面，信息网络就像一把双刃剑，它既给我们带来了新的发展机遇，也给我们带来了迷乱与冲突。它使原有的传统伦理观念遭受到冲击和侵袭，而新的成型的伦理道德规范暂时还未形成，