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Earnings volatility has been linked to economic integration only through contradictory conjectures. We assess globalization’s role by examining volatility trends in manufacturing, private services, and public services. If trade increases uncertainty, volatility trends should differ markedly across industries since manufacturing, in contrast to especially public services, is exposed to international competition. We analyze earnings trajectories in Sweden 1985–2003, a country and period evincing accelerating trade, finding no indications of greater volatility increases in manufacturing. 相似文献
5.
Aino Halinen Christopher J. Medlin Jan-Åke Törnroos 《Industrial Marketing Management》2012,41(2):215-223
This Special Issue of Industrial Marketing Management brings together a range of articles by authors who have undertaken the difficult task of researching time and process in business networks. Understanding interaction processes within a business relationship and network perspective requires the elaboration of time, the central construct by which humans grasp and comprehend change. As an introduction to the articles we present the concept of human time and delineate accordingly three methodological approaches available for the study of network processes. We also introduce the authors' contributions to the special issue that broadly divide into two groups: those that deal with methodological issues concerning the study of processes in business networks and those that consider the role of time and timing for studying business processes. 相似文献
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H. Zassenhaus U. Ricci F. Machlup E. Kauder O. Frhr. v. Mering W. L. Valk J. Åkerman G. Tintner O. Lange A. Gerschenkron H. Bayer J. Weldler E. Gebert P. Groag St. Varga N. W. Dolinski J. Mazzei G. Sebba O. Anderson E. Schiff M. St. Braun J. F. Halkema-Kohl 《Journal of Economics》1934,5(2):246-284
Ohne ZusammenfassungAus dem Italienischen übersetzt von M. St. Braun, WienAus dem Russischen übersetzt von A. GerschenkronAus dem Italienischen übersetzt von Erich Allina 相似文献
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A. Bilimovič W. Vleugels J. Tinbergen A. Mahr O. Weinberger F. Machlup Joh Åkerman R. A. Métall M. St. Braun K. Oberparleiter M. Fanno L. Drescher U. Ricci R. Liefmann W. Prion K. Koranyi F. Hönig W. Fröhlich H. Bayer L. Köppel O. Veit A. M. Knoll W. Kromphardt 《Journal of Economics》1931,2(5):816-859
Ohne ZusammenfassungÜbersetzt von Hans Fried, Wien. 相似文献
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O. Morgenstern K. Menger Joh Åkerman F. Machlup A. Prinz W. Vleugels J. C. Kielstra A. Rosthorn W. Kromphardt G. Halm 《Journal of Economics》1931,2(2):282-302
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
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Kamille Sofie TÅgholt Gad Jeppe Woetmann Nielsen 《Scandinavian actuarial journal》2016,2016(10):876-904
Uncertain time of retirement and uncertain structure of retirement benefits are risk factors for life insurance companies. Nevertheless, classical life insurance models assume these are deterministic. In this paper, we include the risk from stochastic time of retirement and stochastic benefit structure in a classical finite-state Markov model for a life insurance contract. We include discontinuities in the distribution of the retirement time. First, we derive formulas for appropriate scaling of the benefits according to the time of retirement and discuss the link between the scaling and the guarantees provided. Stochastic retirement creates a need to rethink the construction of disability products for high ages and ways to handle this are discussed. We show how to calculate market reserves and how to use modified transition probabilities to calculate expected cash flows without significantly more complexity than in the traditional model. At last, we demonstrate the impact of stochastic retirement on market reserves and expected cash flow in numerical examples. 相似文献
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Åsbjørn Melkevik 《Constitutional Political Economy》2016,27(4):418-434
Any liberal theory that would take seriously the question of equality before the law is bound to engage with discrimination-related matters, and so long as one is a liberal one should oppose all discrimination coming from the state. This, however, may be a double-edged sword since many classical liberals have quite readily opposed progressive taxation by invoking its discriminatory nature. Some liberals will therefore conclude that one cannot establish different tax brackets, lest taxation be illiberal. This paper endeavours to refute this assumption. Progression may be compatible with the classical liberal concern for the rule of law, provided legislative discretion on tax-related matters is duly limited by the principle of generality, as well as by a certain standard of reasonable lawmaking. Through a careful distinction between four concepts of differential treatment, this paper demonstrates that progressive tax arrangements do not necessarily discriminate against the well-off, and that it can efficiently fulfill some legitimate classical liberals objectives. 相似文献