Financial Support from the Family Network and Illegal Immigration

Barriers to immigration of low‐skilled workers from developing countries into the advanced countries prevent many potential migrants from leaving their countries of origin. With very low home‐country wages in relation to the cost of undocumented migration, the opportunity to migrate often hinges on the possibility of obtaining credit from a human smuggling organization or family and friends. This paper examines the conditions under which migration is optimal for an individual who lacks liquid assets, with a focus on alternative options for financing migration costs. One is by accumulating the required amount of savings out of source‐country income, with or without financial support from the family or social network. The other is debt‐bonded migration, which involves borrowing from a smuggling organization and paying off the loan while working in the host country. I find that greater financial support from the family network increases the attractiveness of debt‐bonded relative to self‐financed migration.     

Investment opportunities in the source country and temporary migration

Abstract This paper examines how attractive investment opportunities available to temporary migrants at home affect their saving behaviour and the optimal duration of stay abroad. The model predicts an inverse U‐shaped relationship between migration duration and the expected rate of return on repatriated savings. A higher rate provides an incentive to go back earlier and consume less abroad, while it can also trigger emigration aimed at generating the savings required for investment after return. The paper illustrates how the behaviour of temporary migrants reflects the interaction between their preferences and the opportunities available in labour and capital markets of both countries.     

Monetary and commercial policy in a two-country flexible exchange rate model with perfect capital mobility

A two-country portfolio-balance model is developed in this paper in order to analyse the international transmission of monetary and commercial policy disturbances under a flexible exchange rate regime. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of capital mobility, differences in the asset demand functions across countries, and national net-asset positions in determining the effects of these policies on the macroeconomic variables of the two countries. Both the short and the long-run effects are considered with expectations assumed to be formed rationally.     

Economic growth and carbon emissions: evidence from CIVETS countries

ABSTRACT

This paper examines whether a long-run relationship exists between CO₂ emissions and selected variables: real gross domestic product per capita, inward stock of foreign direct investments, gross fixed capital formation, industry, value added and energy use per capita for Colombia, Indonesia, Viet Nam, Egypt, Turkey and South Africa countries in the period of 1989–2016. We used panel unit root testing, followed by panel cointegration tests and panel causality. The results clearly prove the existence of a bidirectional long-run causal relationship between all the variables except between CO₂ emissions and GDP and CO₂ emissions and GFCF. Major finding of the short-run causality analysis is that CO₂ emission in the short run does not result in changes of other variables. On the other hand, all variables except foreign direct investments (FDI) cause the changes in the CO₂ emissions, and there is a positive bidirectional causal relationship between GDP and FDI, between GFCF and FDI, and between GFCF and IVA. Finally, positive unidirectional causal relationship also exists, running from GDP to IVA, GDP to ENUSE, IVA to FDI and ENUSE to FDI.     

Innovation of IT metasystems by means of event-driven paradigm using QDMS

Globalisation of world economy brings new and more complex demands to business systems. In order to respond to these trends, business systems apply new paradigms that are inevitable reflecting on management metasystems – quality assurance (QA), as well as on information technology (IT) metasystems. Small and medium enterprises (in particular in food industry) do not have possibilities to access external resources to the extent that could provide adequate keeping up with these trends. That raises the question how to enhance synergetic effect of interaction between existing QA and IT metasystems in order to overcome resource gap and achieve set goals by internal resources. The focus of this article is to propose a methodology for utilisation of potential of quality assurance document management system (QDMS) as prototypical platform for initiating, developing, testing and improving new functionalities that are required by IT as support for buiness system management. In that way QDMS plays a role of catalyst that not only accelerates but could also enhance selectivity of the reactions of QA and IT metasystems and direct them on finding new functionalities based on event-driven paradigm. The article tries to show the process of modelling, development and implementation of a possible approach to this problem through conceptual survey and practical solution in the food industry.     

Shortages, Hoarding and Parallel-Market Premia in an Economy with Administered Prices

This paper examines the implications of a number of policy changes in the context of a dynamic model of an economy with administered prices. Official prices below the market-clearing level give rise to shortages, hording, and parallel-market activity. The paper examines the implications for consumption, hoarding, and the parallel-market premium of changes in official prices and wages, a crackdown on hoarding, and a monetary reform.     

Temporary Migration and the Flow of Savings to the Source Country

The saving behavior of temporary migrants when the duration of their stay abroad is set by the immigration policy of the host country is studied in this paper. The focus is on the implied flow of savings back to the source country and how it depends on migration costs, duration of the work permit, and international wage, interest and price‐level differentials. The amount of time that migrants are allowed to work in the host country is shown to be a key policy variable that affects the flow of savings repatriated to the source country.     

Liquidity-constrained migrants

Liquidity constraints represent a major obstacle for potential migrants trying to meet the high cost of undocumented international migration. Some cover it by borrowing from a smuggling organization with a commitment to repay the loan by working in the destination country as bonded laborers. This paper compares alternative ways of financing migration and shows that debt bondage is optimal only if the international wage differential is sufficiently large in relation to migration costs. Tougher border controls as well as internal enforcement measures can be expected to reduce the incidence of debt-bonded relative to self-financed migration, although they may not necessarily lower the overall inflow of illegal aliens.     

Intersectoral adjustment and the dynamics of wages and employment opportunities

Zusammenfassung Intersektorale Anpassung und die Dynamik von L?hnen und Besch?ftigungsm?glichkeiten. - Dieser Aufsatz untersucht mit Hilfe eines einfachen ZweiSektoren-Modells die Dynamik der Anpassung auf dem Arbeitsmarkt, und zwar insbesondere die Art, in der die entscheidenden Parameter des Modells zusammenwirken, um sowohl auf kurze als auch auf lange Sicht die Reaktion der Wirtschaft auf St?rungen der Güter- und Faktorm?rkte zu bestimmen. Die Strukturparameter, die in der Studie hervorgehoben werden, umfassen den Grad der intersektoralen Faktormobilit?t, die Schnelligkeit der Lohnanpassungen in expandierenden und schrumpfenden Sektoren sowie die Bedeutung der intersektoralen Lohnunterschiede im Verh?ltnis zum Risiko, arbeitslos zu bleiben, für den Entschlu?zum Ortswechsel.

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Résumé Ajustement intersectoriel et la dynamique des salaires et des possibilités d’emploi. - Cet article examine la dynamique d’un ajustement sur le marché du travail dans un simple modèle d’une économie à deux secteurs. Les auteurs se concentrent sur la manière avec laquelle les paramètres les plus essentiels agissent de déterminer la réponse de l’économie- à court terme et à long terme — aux perturbances sur les marchés des biens et des facteurs. Les paramètres structurels soulignés dans l’article incluent le degré de la mobilité intersectorielle de la main d’oeuvre, la vitesse d’ajustement de salaire dans les secteurs en expansion et en contraction ainsi que l’importance du differentiel intersectoriel de salaire, comparé avec le risque de rester sans emploi, pour la décision de changer l’occupation.

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Resumen Ajuste intersectorial y la dinámica de salarios y puestos de empleo. - Este trabajo examina la dinámica de ajuste en el mercado de trabajo en el contexte de un modelo simple de una economía con dos sectores. Se presta atention a la manera en la cual interact?an los parámetras cruciales del modelo para determinar la reacción de la economía a alteraciones en los mercados de bienes y de factures, tanto en el corto como en el largo plazo. Los paramétras estructurales estudiados incluyen el grado de mobilidad laboral intersectorial, la velocidad de ajuste salarial en el sector en expansión y en el sector en contraction y la importancia de la différencia salarial intersectorial en relación al riesgo de permanecer sin empleo en el caso de tomar la decisión de migrar.