The emerging oligopoly of pay-TV in the USA

The pay-television industry in the USA has been developing very rapidly in the past five years and is providing network quality alternatives to the mass taste programming of commercial television. However, the industry has been developing along lines very similar to the early history of radio in the USA with the emergence of strong distributor networks, restrictive affiliation contracts, and wide-spread vertical integration across all stages of production. History and economic efficiencies suggest that the result will be a strong oligopoly market structure. The proper public policy, then, is to insure that the unavoidable degree of concentration is not greater than that needed for efficiency reasons.     

The self‐presentation and self‐development of serious wildlife tourists

The notion of self‐concept and choice of tourism products has yet to be applied to wildlife tourism. The question of how consumers perceive themselves is considered fundamental to understanding purchase and consumption behaviours. This ethnographic study is based upon ‘serious’ wildlife tourism participants, for whom studying fauna and flora is the primary motivation for travel. The findings demonstrate how the ‘culture’ of ‘serious’ wildlife tourism is made up of individuals who differentiate themselves from other tourists in terms of dress, behaviour, development of skills, equipment and intellectual capital, illustrated by their desire to scope, identify and photograph wildlife. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Non-parametric and parametric bootstrap techniques for age-to-age development factor methods in stochastic claims reserving

In the literature, one of the main objects of stochastic claims reserving is to find models underlying the chain-ladder method in order to analyze the variability of the outstanding claims, either analytically or by bootstrapping. In bootstrapping these models are used to find a full predictive distribution of the claims reserve, even though there is a long tradition of actuaries calculating the reserve estimate according to more complex algorithms than the chain-ladder, without explicit reference to an underlying model. In this paper we investigate existing bootstrap techniques and suggest two alternative bootstrap procedures, one non-parametric and one parametric, by which the predictive distribution of the claims reserve can be found for other age-to-age development factor methods than the chain-ladder, using some rather mild model assumptions. For illustration, the procedures are applied to three different development triangles.     

Gemeinsame Netznutzung: Ein Konzept für mehr Wettbewerb in der Wasserwirtschaft

Zusammenfassung  Die Wasserwirtschaft stellt eines der letzten noch verbliebenen Infrastrukturmonopole dar. Ist die monopolistische Angebotsstruktur in diesem Sektor alternativlos oder w?re auch hier mehr Wettbewerb m?glich? An welchen Stellen der Wertsch?pfungskette sind staatliche Regulierungen unverzichtbar und wie sind sie gegebenenfalls auszugestalten, um wettbewerbliches Anbieterverhalten zu erm?glichen? Prof. Dr. Dieter Cassel, 69, ist Emeritus für Wirtschaftspolitik an der Mercator School of Management der Universit?t Duisburg-Essen; Dr. Christian Rüttgers, 29, war dort wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter und ist seit 2008 als Referent bei der Niederrheinischen Industrie- und Handelskammer Duisburg-Wesel-Kleve zu Duisburg besch?ftigt.     

Optionen zur Stärkung des Pharmastandorts Deutschland

Deutschland hat seine vormals führende Stellung als „Apotheke der Welt“ l?ngst eingebü?t und verliert als Standort für die forschende Arzneimittelindustrie international immer weiter an Bedeutung. Woran l?sst sich dies erkennen? Ist das hierzulande besonders dicht geknüpfte Netz pharmarelevanter Regulierungen die Ursache? Und was l?sst sich industrie-, forschungs- und gesundheitspolitisch gegen die weitere Erosion des Pharmastandorts Deutschland tun? Prof. Dr. Dieter Cassel, 68, ist Emeritus für Wirtschaftspolitik im Fachbereich Betriebswirtschaft – Mercator School of Management – der Universit?t Duisburg-Essen, Campus Duisburg. Dieser Beitrag beruht in wesentlichen Teilen auf Ergebnissen des Gutachtens „Steuerung der Arzneimittelausgaben und St?rkung des Forschungsstandortes für die pharmazeutische Industrie“ von IGES Berlin (B. H?ussler, M. Albrecht), D. Cassel, E. Wille und WIdO Bonn (H. Schr?der, K. Nink, Chr. Lankers) vom 2. Juni 2006 im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Gesundheit (BMG). Siehe BMG (Hrsg.): Forschungsbericht 006 – Gesundheitsforschung, Berlin 2006.     

Strategic Commitment and Timing of Internationalization from Emerging Markets: Evidence from China,India, Mexico,and South Africa

In a study of 257 new ventures from China, India, Mexico, and South Africa, we find support for the mediating effect of strategic early internationalization on international sales intensity. We argued that when new ventures from emerging markets internationalize early and with commitment, the legitimacy they acquire helps them overcome liabilities of newness and foreignness. We develop a typology of international new ventures that, based on strategic intent and timing of internationalization, distinguishes strategic early internationalizers from persistent, serendipitous, and long‐term internationalizers. We show that strategic early internationalization accounts for over half of the explained variance in international sales intensity and either fully or partially mediates the effects of managerial knowledge and market orientation on international sales intensity.     

Importers,Exporters and Multinationals: Exploring the Hierarchy of International Linkages

The purpose of this paper is to empirically explore two dimensions of the firm hierarchy of international market-specific linkages, using data on Swedish manufacturing firms from 1997 to 2007. First, we investigate the productivity ordering with respect to three international linkages; importing, exporting and investing abroad. Second, we explore whether differences in the productivity ordering across industries correlates with industry and country characteristics. Our findings support a general productivity hierarchy from importing to exporting and from exporting to investing abroad, as well as from a low to a high number of linkages (measuring the complexity of firms’ international linkages). However, an industry-by-industry examination shows that the hierarchical structure is only generally upheld when it comes to the number of international linkages, while the ordering of import, export and investment linkages does not exhibit the same regularity across industries. Extending the analysis, we find that the lack of a hierarchical structure is more likely in industries focusing on larger and less distant markets.     

Hero shots: involved fathers conquering new discursive territory in consumer culture

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we explore how visual expressions of culture offer new discursive territory within which consumer cultural ideals can be negotiated on a global scale. Through a critical visual analysis of the revelatory case Swedish Dads, we find hero shots depicting involved fathers where children’s needs and the hermetic confines of the home take center stage, as opposed to the traditional fatherhood ideals portrayed in western contemporary advertising, media, and popular culture. We demonstrate how the Swedish state’s gender ideology was encoded into a communicative event in the form of hero shots and subsequently dispersed by visual consumers as well as political and commercial stakeholders pushing this particular agenda and/or capitalizing on its tendencies. This in such a way that the event conquered new discursive territory fostering new types of consumer cultural negotiations on fatherhood ideals also in other cultural settings.     

The new rurality: Globalization,peasants and the paradoxes of landscapes

Deforestation captures most of the headlines, but there are also processes of forest expansion that are widespread in Latin America. This paper explores why this process is so invisible. Globalization plays an increasingly important role in structuring rural economies. This paper analyses how global integration of many types, ranging from remittances, state transfers, skilling and markets produced forest recovery in peasant landscapes.     

Deconstructing the indigenous in tourism. The production of indigeneity in tourism-oriented labelling and handicraft/souvenir development in Northern Europe

ABSTRACT

In literature on tourism in northern or ‘Arctic’ areas and on regions and places in northern areas, terms such as ‘indigenous’ and ‘non-indigenous’ are often used to distinguish people and places from each other. The aim of this paper is to deconstruct the ‘indigenous’/‘non-indigenous’ categories as well as the geographical categories to which they are linked, using examples from tourism in northern Fennoscandia and northwest Russia, selected as areas with circumstances that vary greatly both locally and regionally. Specific focus is on the construction of labels and restrictions of use, particularly regarding handicrafts/souvenirs as a specific object of indigeneity to separate it from other objects. The study reviews the processes in tourism for constructing, labelling, and valuing – and thereby also exerting power upon – specific conceptions, and thereby also on the contesting of such processes amongst broader, but often unacknowledged, local groups.