China''''s Cooperative Exploration of Oil and Gas and Its Taxation System

China' s foreign-oriented oil taxation system has, from the beginning, been based upon the positive experiences of other oil-producing countries and has incorporated common international practices. The system has been perfected over decades. It of fers more incentives than other oil-producing countries in the following four aspects: (1) Income tax has a "wide tax base and low tax rate"; (2) VAT levies a low tax rate on ma-     

国际制裁缘何难以奏效?——“非故意后果”的视角

国际制裁一直面临着有效性不足的困境。既有研究将之归因于制裁有效性发挥的三大必要条件——足够的制裁强度、准确的承受主体和可信的制裁承诺——得不到满足,但忽视了制裁的非故意后果的作用。非故意后果是制约国际制裁有效性的重要因素之一,它削弱了制裁方的意志,却增强了被制裁方的抵抗决心;增加了制裁持续时长和制裁成本,却阻碍了主要制裁目标的实现。在既有研究基础上,作者首先提出了一个探讨制裁的非故意后果的分析框架,其次对非故意后果影响制裁有效性的作用机制进行了分析,最后以联合国为例探讨了制裁方在应对非故意后果问题上的尝试。     

对中国人民银行征信法规建设与执法效能的思考

征信法规建设的滞后使得中国人民银行分支机构征信工作缺乏法律依据,一定程度上制约了征信执法效能的发挥。为提高征信执法效能,应进一步完善《征信管理条例》并使之尽早出台,加快制定企业征信方面相关办法、《个人信用信息基础数据库管理办法》实施细则和信用评级方面相关办法等。     

Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) in Construction Schedule Risk Assessment

Construction project scheduling is one of the most critical factors for project success measurement.Not only for the project planning but for construction process management,the scheduling is the basic tool for communication between the owner and the project manager.By developing the schedule before the project starts,the owner knows in advance that the expected timeline of the project.By preparing construction process scheduling,the owner and general contractor can better manage the subcontractors,sub-trades progress,materials storage and deliveries,labors schedule and equipment set up which will eventually save time,money and hassle.Basically,Critical Path Method(CPM) is commonly used in the construction industry.CPM is a deterministic method that assumes that through the network,there is at least one path that determines the project duration and that the path is the critical path.CPM does not consider the uncertainty in the activities;rather it assumes that each activity can be finished in the given situation.Program Evaluation and Review Technique(PERT) is a stochastic technique which is based on the assumption that the duration of a single activity can be described by a probability density function.PERT takes into account the uncertainty during the construction process and has been created out of the need to plan,schedule and control complex projects with many uncertainties.The PERT approach is stated in some books and papers,but there is no deep investigation on the application in the schedule risk assessment.This paper investigates the PERT work process and takes a valuable try on the construction schedule risk assessment by using case studies.The utilization in the estimate the construction liquidated damage with the uncertainties is performed,which also can be used in the insurance company to calculate the insurance premium.     

荷兰和意大利注册会计师行业考察报告

注册会计师行业管理的法律依据荷兰注册会计师行业管理的法律依据主要是1962年制定的《荷兰注册会计师法》以及荷兰注册会计师协会制定的各种规章制度。另外,由于荷兰是欧盟成员国,也是国际会计师联合会成员,因此国际会计师联合会和欧盟关于其成员国的一些规定(主要体现在执业准则、考试、培训以及资格互认等方面),荷兰注册会计师行业也要遵守。 注册会计师管理体制荷兰注册会计师行业管理实行的是行业自我管理为主的模式。对注册会计师行业进行监督的政府部门主要是经济事务部,其他部门如财政部、司法部等也会在某些方面对行业…     

构建湖北注册会计师行业新型管理体制的对策研究

随着我国社会主义市场经济体制的不断完善,注册会计师行业发挥着越来越重要的作用,但是目前行业的发展面临着诸多障碍因素,如何克服这些障碍因素,加快行业发展步伐,是行业内部需要研究的重要课题。本文拟在分析湖北省注册会计师行业现状的基础上,提出构建湖北注册会计师行业新型管理体制,推进行业快速发展的对策建议。湖北注册会计师行业的现状近年来,随着湖北省经济的快速发展,湖北省的注册会计师行业也得到了迅猛发展,2004年全省会计师事务所达到310家,业务收入达到3.4亿元,成为一支非常重要的社会中介力量,为全省的经济发展作出了突出的…     

2011年上半年国际金融市场运行综述

2011年上半年,美元总体走弱;美元短期利率下降,欧元、英镑短期利率上升,日元短期利率基本走平;主要国家中长期国债收益率先升后降;欧美主要股指振荡走高。     

香港人民币离岸市场发展对内地货币政策的影响

本文运用IS-LM-BP模型探讨离岸市场发展对货币发行国货币政策的影响机制,研究人民币跨境套利、套汇行为的主体范围、渠道的变化及其对内地利率水平、汇率水平和货币供应量的影响,利用动态随机一般均衡模型测算了香港人民币离岸市场发展对内地货币政策影响的效应强度.研究结果表明:从短期来看,香港人民币离岸市场对内地货币政策的影响相当有限;从长期来看,随着香港人民币离岸市场规模的扩大以及境外人民币回流渠道的增加,香港人民币离岸市场对内地货币政策将会产生实质性的影响.为此,当前,可以进一步增加内地向香港注入人民币资金,扩大香港离岸人民币资金池规模.同时,要完善跨境人民币资金流动监测和管理机制,强化主体管理和账户管理,采取分类管理措施,尽量使香港人民币离岸市场对内地货币政策的影响保持在可控范围内.